1 12 29 https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/3f6fb03e37847d5786cab7673f2c3f53.pdf 403f8276cfc1754cc9ca8bd68731997e PDF Text Text ENVIRONMENT PERU: Oil Development brings Death andDevastation to the Maranon & D EVELOPMENT "At this very moment the Rio M aranonand Rio N are totally apo covered with oil from shore to shore and in the next several days it will reach the Amazonas River.· Less thnnt.hree weeks after the pipe· causes of the spill.• AIDESEP also deline rupture, l'etropcru chief Miguel Celi nounced that the local and national press hod not covered th. sprll out of Rivera announel!d, at the newly opened e pressure from imercsts workmg to Pa)~Amazondrilltngsite,that.l'eru's secure foreign invcsunent crude producuon would be inci'C:ISed from 132,000 boncl.s/day to approxlGovernment Proposes Increases matdy300.000b.,rrelsldayoverthenext in Exploration and Extraction two }'CO~ as a result of increased foreign On 'M•1rch 30. as oil gu$hcd from investment. S\tch an increase would detre1>it pipes Into the Maml'lon, Peru- place Pel'\l's production on par with vian Presldcm Alberto Fujimorl was Ecuador (n former OPEC member), present mthc signing of n nal\lml gas which also produces close 10 300.000 cxplor:mon contractlxtween Petroperu barrels/day. ApproximatelrSO% of new :md ~L~ple <4s C<>rporatton of Peru a extraction IS pr<>poSed for the 1\nwon subsid1ary of the regJon. The already deteriorating 24 year Dallas b.'ISed Maple old Trans-Amazon pipeline would <:a IT)' Resources Corp<n':l· this additional burden as well. tion. This contract allows ford rUling to AIDESEP Begins M obilization evah.ratc the fellsibll· lf the government's oil development ity of gas explolla· program Is allowed to proceed, tion along the AIOESEP for~ massive destruction Aua)'lla m·er near of the envaronmem and lndtgcnous Ucayali In the etn· people of the Peruvian Am.uon. To tral forest reg1on. this point. the Peru,~an government The previous week, has refused to allow Indigenous orga· the J>cnl\1nn gov· nizationsn role in the decision-making emmcnt s•gned an process. AIOESEP is planning effqns agreement with to document the current situation and Royal Dutch Shell mobilize :m lnd1genous front in oppoforoUexplor:mon m sition to~,, drilling. Support tS desthe areas of perat~ly needed forthese.effons Thts Kashl)'ll.n. S.1n 'Mar· mobihz.ation holds hope that the In· communities! tin and Mlpaya. If dlgcnous people of Pem will be able to One week prior Spilled o il spreads quickly and discovencs i\Te avoid the environmental catastrophes tO the UPI article dovestates rivers and flooded rnacle, the company that have followed oil devclopmentln t\IDESEPstated .ln foresls in the Amezon a report sent to incould lond a 30 year countries S11ch as Ecuador. "!' tcm:rtional lndigenoll.5 and environ- lca5rng contract for exploitation in the mental organizations. •At this very regron In all, these new contmcts for~~C13f11«1: moment, the RiO MarMOn ~nd Rio could cover arens in the regtons of: ~!roD AmtOJldo CaslrD, Cot:mlmator, Napo are totally covered W>th oil from Purus, C.•masea.Aguaytiaand Pucallpa. AIDESEP. PrDgrama de l!mcrgcnclo shore tO shore and m the next several The Yme, Chip•bo. Conibo,Am~hunca. Ashtminha·Aldt:lq> • Ave. Son Eugmlo 981 days It will reach the ~mazonas Rlver•. Yannnahu~. Shar.mabua. Matsiguenga, URBSI'ACataluta.Ul VICtoria, Umo(l3) Peru They noted that eight pcqple had rued Cat:rcalbos, and Ashaninka peoples all /nfom•atfon supplr~d by AIDESEP mul as n result of the spill and that ' It is or Inhabit these: rcgr(>l\S, with n combined Edward /lummond, gradu111e student, th< utmost urgency to h'lwstigare the popul:otion of approximately 27.000. Unfvcrslty of TcxllS. April 14. Ul'l In lima, Peru reponed thdt the coumris trans-Amazon pipdinc had naptured two weeks tnrlicr. spilling crude from Occidental and Petroperu oil wells directly into the Marailon RIVer In the Peruvian Amazon. Petroperu technicians $Uiled that '10,000 barrels a day are spilhng becnusc: of the rupture and thntthc figure could Increase 10 30,000'. lndlgenouscommunltlesdepend on the Manflon and itS tributaries for rashing. drinking \YII(Cf. and t1'31'1Spor· l.lltlon. Mlqueas Mishnrl president or che Imercthmc Assoclm ion for the Developmen t or the Peruvian Amazon (AIDEPSEP} slllttd, "The government JSn't wor· ned about the effects or the spill on the lndinncommuniue.~.· and called upon President Fujimori to 'listen to us, to cake into acrountthat we exISt, to talk to the 0 11 Voi.8No.1 &2 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Peru: Oil Development brings Death and Devastation to the Marañon Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource AIDESEP SAIIC Board of Directors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title Peru: Oil Development brings Death and Devastation to the Marañon Item Type Journal Article Author AIDESEP SAIIC Board of Directors Volume 8 Issue 1,2 Pages 33 Publication Title Abya Yala News Date Summer 1994 Language English Abstract Note The trans-Amazon pipeline carrying Occidental and Petroperu crude oil burst spilling between 10,000 and 30,000 barrels of oil a day into the Marañon river, the main water source for many indigenous communities in the area. The Peruvian government has signed more natural gas explorations contracts for other areas in the Amazon. The Interethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Amazon (AIDEPSEP) raised concerns about the safety of such projects. Attachment Title abya yala p33.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Amazon Gas extraction Interethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Amazon Oil Spill Petroperu https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/ea9e065a0b7ca89f23439f6f9eb5e129.pdf 8ffb323a76c2cba8a02b495369e0350d PDF Text Text ENVIRONMENT & DEVELOPMENT Closing the Darien Gap? The Pan-American Highway's last Link by Alicia Korten (we do not want the Pan·Ameri Highway built through our homelands'. stntcs Lcopoldo llaporiso, chid of the 13,<100 Embcm·WounaanpeoplesofPanama's easternmost province, the Darien. I le states that th~ highways wit! CIIUW, ·m~•v• deforestation, immigrauon b)· outs•ders. an mcmJS<: In drug traffick· crs, v•olcnct and the loss of our cui· ture' In October of 1993. the Panam~· man and Colomb"m governments signed agreements to begin studies thnt they hope will lead tothe connectiOn of North nnd South America through the Darien Gap. If this I07 kilometer stretch Is butlt, the highway will run wtthout a break between Alaska and Atj;enurua's somhem tip. The O:mcn Gap is one ofthe world's mOSl b•oiQg~cally richndnfo~s and a cntical comdor between North and South American ecosystems for plant and wildlife. The area is home to roughly 40,000 mhabitants. includlnt: etm Alfcl<1 KorUro Is tiJC alSOCiaL< Jirwor of tho· Ct•tro for PIIP•Iar Ltgal ilssutanct's lndlg· rnou5 Program (CfAl.P) m Pa•ama. She,... ,;,; with the lnd~gll".<>US P~1t-i\mmcan lfoglotvay CclmniWWt! Vol. 8 No. I t 2 Rvc distinct Indigenous nations, Afri· c::.n-Amcricans, and m~tizo colonists. UNF.SCOdeclanid the Darien National 1'3rk, the largest in Ccntrnl America, a World Heritage Site an(llllos[ihere R¢· serve in 1981 and 1983 respective!)• beca1.1se of its cuhur:~l and biological di\WStty. The Colombian and Pnnamaman governments are explonng three dlf· fet't'nt routes..one along the P:loflc Co;1St, one along the Adnnuc Co..'\St, ~nd one through the isthmu~·s middle which would pass through the border community Palo de Lctms. The Palo de I euas ro1.1te is the shortest, least co$tly and most favored. All routes lY.lSS through Embera. Wounaan and Kuna temtortes. The Palo de l..etrns route cuts through the Indigenous communufes Pucuro. Paya. Cut>t. Aru~ and 01hers as well as through the Onnen National Park and the Knuos Pnrk m Colombia--both of whtch haw rcgulauons permitting the highway's consu·uction. Pressure to build the road comes primarily from South t\mericnn governments and industnes who want grtnter access to Nonh American m.•r· kets. Colombia. MeXICO and Venczt•ela are promotmg the highway'sconstruction most aggrcssh·cl)' due to a recent!)' signed f(ee u11dcagrccmcm. "The high· way ... will fncllhate trade of pem>leum, COltOn. cloth, iron, steel. and other goods between Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela.." statts juan Castancg~~. Colombia's Director of the MirusuyofForetgnAffitir'slatin Ameri· can~k Extending the Pnn-Amencan high· way is part of the Colombian govern· ments aggressive de,·elopment pack· age for the region. The Pacific Plan is a complementary mega-project aimed at opening the region to multiple fomlS or resource explottntion (seeAbya Yala. V. 7:3&4). The plan has gone through tnan)" t:eV\5\00.S StnCC US tmtoal draft in 1983. whtch ~tatcd that 'thise..xtensh·e region contains imme~ forest. fiSh· ing, ri•-er-and ~-b:tst:d mineral resources which the countr)' reqmres immediately.• The 1992 proposal how· ever, begins wn h discussion ofsustainable development and poverty allcvia· tion and then contmues with the prevl· ous goals of otl exploration, mining. largescale agriculture. commercial fiSh· mg and tourism. Together. these proJects thmuen 1he region wtth mas 29 �ENVIRON MENT & D EVELOPM ENT -- Sl\'e changc··changc whtch local pt0p1a frrl wtU dbpl.ltt thtar com· munmn and ck\btatc the ~'s C'ft\1ronmcnt lnc:h~tcnous pcol'lb far thc luglt- "~)' " ould cr.xlt the furcsu on whoch thr tr way of hfc dcPfnch by facthtaung the area's coloo mnllon and devclop· mcm In Oeccmlx:r of 199), over 500 delegates from dllfcrcnt Embcra· Wounaan contn>lmlllcs p.1sscd a rcsolunon Staling their 'rcjcCIIO Of the n PDn·American l lll(h" ~y·~construcllon th rough l ndt~:~rnou• tcrm orics I n P~n~na· because, ' the construct ton of the Pan-Arntne.on htgh"'11)' through our t~"'"'lldcauw ti'Kpaablrcbm- to our fornb. m crs. flor2 :and bmb upon,. hKh depend ou.r brotho-;, •nd 'l.>lcr- thc arumals and our n\-cr cuhu~ Thc "-OOncb ca~ b)· the ~em COfUIIUC1t<>n of the PanAnw-ncan htll)\w• > to suU fresh Thl$ C<'lblfll4t10n Cl~ the com·crston of our tcmu>ncs tnto tov.• p;t~tures and liulr by little the extinction of the b•oolv,·tl>ty of our lands.• Six indig••nou~ orwmiz,ulons in the Darien Gap hnV<' funned a co.1liuon calltd the lndt&cnous Pan-Amcncan • v.,,. = litgh,.ayCommt<•ICm(IPAHC)togam a \'OK'C tn upcommt ntj:Oilauons "We arc dcmandmg C>Ut kgal nghts tO C'On· ~uhanon rcg,mllnjlln)· plan,. the SO"" cm mcnt ha, for our anttstral bnds•, ~n Cl;&,mac C...rpoo. IPAHC. Coordan.uor Fund•"' for the 107lulomttcr hnk ntcr· 1$1\0l )-tt secu~ """~cr. thd Amcn(';ln ()e,ck,pmcnt Bank (108)"-111 1 P.mamo money to elaborate mmal 03n technical Sllldtc~ Mtd cm"romnentai imp.1Ct $tQtCntflll~ rhe 108 \\'111 also proV1de Colombtn S I.' mllhonto renoV the P3n-Amcnc.ut liighway seg3tc ment Medellin-1 urb<1, nn ~•stmgroad that requires lla\'ing to suppon intcrconttnentaltr.<ffll The Unned States J\O''Cmmem " ttl likely 1101 pro"de fundmg but m.ay ~uppon the pfOJCCI b) prO\t<hn& technical~. acconl"'' to Sl.&te !Xplnmtnt olrtcWs. lnd~ ptaple· uc d~ • n>· ou~ fundcrs from supponmg the protttt .,. 30 .. = Resolution of th• lndlg•noul Embers Wounaanand Kuna peoptu of Pan.ma at • Mtlonlll •ncounter to discuss exttntlon of th• PanAmericlm high..,.y on MJ!y 8. 1994. in tiHt community of Comun, eom.rc. Embeta-W-. AnN of C..maco. n1 t1uo1 8<Jono ji)""''S a... • .--1 "~an noc rm>a:n wl<ru \\. thcrd. .... raoh'( the"'"""""" • Fu>t R<)«t the Pr~" th:ot the P.llti%D3nl.ll\ .and Col.>rnbUn Go--.mmmt> ""' dlscu<SI~~&,.ithln tht Good :"'d;')tbor Co<nmissoon to Optn 1ht Dlr1<n (.tp b) bwlcltng 1h< f'm.Amrrl(,m li'Ch"'•l • S.Cond ll<nund tho '"'"'<d•~• U'JX1lSIOO of >tu.l~ hrtnll und.-n.~lu:n and tlul "tU be undfrL.Ikt"n h)• l~": Pan.un.mun .md Colomb1;1n j.tOV('mn\cnb, tu uprn the· 1),\ncn Cf.lp, whlc h tun,Ut\II('S C)u t T~tr1tonfs. • 1'hlrd· In thr (''"' tl"tt tilcy <'~lllhtuc to meet to dt>c:u•llhr Opt·nll\ji of the l),u1rn Gap. ""'demand the- JM<Iktp:nlc>n c>l hadtgcnous N>llons und.-r tqu>lconditi<lll',tO rl!'li!z< stud!<> and l'lro't~>rn.-nt PJ.ut-.. a S.diO!I.'lland lntcl1\.di(Jn.&l kwJ tlut rn.l) .•fleet our tcn'IIDtl, • Founh. I •pond ~llti) tht lndoncnou> Pm-Amcncm ti•J:h""> Corrunls$lon Io.ntn Gep),t., lndudttht lollov.tng a A mcmbermd.......,. Dl'theGtn<toiC"A!Wd>t.Sol tht Emhrr•·''"'"...., •nd Kuna b A rncmbu and o.\$btant uC l'ucum-1'••.. and the OnCC\Id. • Fthh. Dcm.1nd tho! the \! bltul n. .........., .~ ouch u the hlltr Amcnart Ot\clupuxmlbnk1108 tbt \\Crld IIW:Xld ethcD,IU>pmd a!l <miillorStla<holnd ~ tn rdloon IO tbt Opmin& ('( :b< J:>onm Wp and the poi\OC1patlon ol tbt lnd~nous s ......,.,n.n M.o"' •nd D<-"Ciopmrmll"rojtctstl= ..111:d!ra •l\lfltrrttones • S.X1h Rtqlldl th< 1n«m.ttl<>noll Communuy and 'i<alid.lnt)' Group; "' dtrt"""' tlut Fin.ut(ing J\g,·ndC' .uki 1h.: t\U\ilm.ll\tln :and Colomb1.m C'fO\·tmmtuh ~Lw te-al panklp.liiPII U1 tho lndlg>:IMOlS r<;,UIOI\S r~LnR pL\n, 1M th< rc~tWn Cactqut l<MI<k• V~ldc: Kuo.a Grn<r•l Cong""" Caciqut lcojloldu 1\'lpotu<> t m~ra-Wounaan ('o(lltrnl Congrt>& CaCl(Ju•• llrn)lnun C..lrct.:t Modus.>nd• G<:ntnll Congtt"!o Cactqut C•tlllft111 Ay•l.t Cacoqu< ol l'a)'a. For more inlmn•t ion <O<ILI<I a..tnm Cupi<•IPAIIC Co>onllNI«. HcrurHu.na<. ~ad,,..,. <ftmdon ~C"Mr<Ut:a ~Cmm>cl< \s:srftxil L<pll'opulu(O'AU') ''"""tado~c.-,_~ Elo-do hnam1.Tel:l50n 23~lSI h" U On MM29 or, .\hcu Konm. Aclrii<X 1PAHC/Ed lith 5L, .-\pi •), :-.;..,. \;,rir, 1\)' IO(l()llfcll f"" (212) 24l 1901 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Closing the Darien Gap? The Pan-American Highway's last Link Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alicia Korten Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title Closing the Darien Gap? The Pan-American Highway's last Link Item Type Journal Article Author Alicia Korten Volume 8 Issue 1,2 Pages 29-30 Publication Title Abya Yala News Date Summer1994 Language English Abstract Note A proposed Pan-American Highway from Colombia to Panama would destroy important ecosystems and cut through lands of up to five indigenous communities as well as non-native communities. The Indigenous Pan-American Commission speaks up against the highway stating the irreparable impacts of other sections of the highway that have destroyed the livelihood of nearby indigenous groups. Attachment Title abya yala p29-30.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Darien Panama Embera-Wounaan Indigenous Pan-American Highway Commission Pan-American Highway https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/1bf303d57426738131a4e428baa6a66e.pdf 3cff5f5761d99d7f1586f695c9a11332 PDF Text Text PERSPECT IVES ON (HIAPAS What is the Significance of the Chiapas Uprising · for the Continental Indigenous Movement? AMALIA DIXON, Miskito ,Yapti Tasba, Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua First, to be sincere. on the Atlantic Coast we are very isolated from all international news, and even local news hardly makes it to the interior. In PuertoCabeza we only have one radio station. We have heard very linle information on the situation in Chiapas. Bm as Indigenous people we understand that this situation is pan of the Indigenous reality. The people of Chiapas had been suppressed by the ideas of others. and it was too much. We as a people say enough. We area people with many valuable experiences, and we want to participate in the decisions. It is also time that we make our situations known to the world, and stop living as devalued citizens within the national societies. Chiapas was one of these situations. From this perspective. we are clear in our solidarity with the people's Struggle in Chiapas. ATENCIO LOPEZ, secretary, Kunas Unidos por Napguana The struggle of Indigenous peoples ... has always been obscured by non Indigenous political groups, especially by guerrilla movements that have swept it under their ideological class struggle. No colonizing ideology has served the liberation of Indigenous people. Christianity had to take root in Ab)'ll Yala b)' blood and fire. then the supposed •caudillos' kept Indigenous people as slaves in their haciendas while they proclaimed themsekcs "liberators of America•. Then liberalism. and now neo-liberalism continues by profiting from our misery, selling lands to transnational corporations and landlords. That is why for us the armed uprising of our brothers in Chiapas was not a surprise nor by chance. It was the explosion of repressed feelings, an explosion ofa culture denied for more than five hundred years. Some nation, among the forty million voices, had to shaner the silence and move :~gainst capitali$m and modernization which day by day confronts us with greater indifference. JEANNElTE ARMSTRONG, Okanagan Nation, Director of the En'owkin International School of Writing in British Colombia Canada. In my view the most significant issue arising is that the governments of Canada and the USA which so publicly espouse the principles of democracy worldwide, are in a partnership with a government which has a long history of perpetrating terrorism, armed oppression, and 1!-\l>loitation of peoples and natural resources. It is a government which has used and continues to use political and military violence as weapons of repression to maintain a S)'Stem of elitism. AS)•stem which has and continues today to perpetuate racialgenocidal policies and practices against Indigenous peoples. The North American Free Trade Agreement between the USA, Canada and Mexico can only heighten the necessity for stronger measures of control to protect the vested interest of the elite classes of all three countries. Perhaps most apparent is that . as long as the "conflict" is portrayed as a "domestic" crisis. then those two governments who are complicit in such serious human rights violations, can continue to maintain a pretence of innocence. The responsibility falls then on those who espouse true democratic principles, to expose the blood on the hands ofthese go,•emments and the multinational corporal ions that they play hand maiden to. Voi.8No. l &2 21 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource What is the Significance of the Chiapas Uprising for the Continental Indigenous Movement? Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Amalia Dixon Atencio Lopez Jeannette Armstrong Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title What is the Significance of the Chiapas Uprising for the Continental Indigenous Movement? Item Type Journal Article Author Amalia Dixon Atencio Lopez Jeannette Armstrong Volume 8 Issue 1,2 Pages 21 Publication Title Abya Yala News Date Summer 1994 Language English Abstract Note Indigenous leaders from Nicaragua, Panama, and Canada give their thoughts on the Zapatista uprising and how it plays into a larger indigenous movement across the continent. Attachment Title abya yala p21.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Continental Indigenous Movement Kunas Unidos por Napguana Okanagan Nation Yapti Tasba https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/b7c10c6648bcd70c6dc36c93109fb89b.pdf ed2c4baa2435a4b6b98efd097b3fd92a PDF Text Text SELF DETERMI N ATION AND TERRITORY After the Constitution: Indigenous Proposals for Territorial Demarcation in Colombia The Colombian constitution granted all indigenous territories /ego/ status os "Territorial Entities" within the republic. The Indigenous movement's triumph during the constitutional convention is porticulorly important since it makes Colombia the first country to hove recognized all Indigenous communities territorial rights, rather than selectively granting rights to certain peoples. by Ana Cecma Betancourt and Heman Rodriguez .th82differentethnicgroups W: iving within its national boundaries. Colombia is second only to Brazil in terms of ethnic diversity in South America. As a result. we in Colombia have learned to respect differences. while working together to defend our ancient cultures. ancestral tenitories. and autonomy. This history explains. to a certain extent, why the Organization ofColombian Indigenous Nations (ON IC>. and the Colombian Indigenous Authorities (AICO), representing 40 different local and regional organizations. were the only nonpartisan groups represented in the Constitutional Assen1bly of 199 I. Acting as spokespeople, Lorenzo Muclasof AICO. Francisco Rojas Biny of ON IC. and Alfonso Pena Chepe of the now demobilized anned indigenous rnovement, Manuel Quimfn Lame, ensured that the Magna Carta protect the rights and aspirations of the various ethnic groups in Columbia, including the natives of San Andr~s Archipelago. and African-American communities. Ana Cecilia Betancoun <md Heman Rodriguez ate members of ONIC's press de(Jattment. 22 Although the Constitution has established legal norms for establishing territories, pressure to speed up the secondary legislative procedures has led to continued exclusion of indigenous communities from the political process. Agreements reached at the Constitutional Assembly are thus being disregarded. Constitutional History The political constitution of 1991 defines Indigenous Lands under Art ide 286 as Territorial Entities with the s.1me political and administrative jurisdiction as depanments and municipalities. This pem1its indigenous communities autonomy to define their own development strategies and be governed by their own authorities who will have authority to administer public resources including local and national taxes. The Constitution left the actual distribution ofterritorial entities as well as definition of their responsibilities to a piece of follow-up legislation called the Organic Law for Territorial Demarcation. This law would also regulate the settlement of disputes between the National Government and the Territorial Entities. lnd igenousorganizations published their proposals for the Organic Law two years after the Constitution was ratified. This proposal was developed through consensus and focused on three general considerations: a) As products of the·nationa.l constillltion the i_ digc,nous territories n shall not be subject to decisions made at the congressional level. b) Indigenous Territories will be those areas currently held by indigenous communities with boundaries defined by traditionalsocial. economic, and cultural activities, regardless of whelher lhe communities have re· ceived prior legal title. c) The Organic Law should be designed with a certain margin for change as the territories' actual boundariesaredra,,, by future legislation. Delimiting Territories As a result of 500 years of colonial domination and genocide, many communities have been fragmented. or severely reduced in size. To allow for the variation among communities. there should be no minimum size limitations either for populations or areas in establishing territories. Problems ma)'• however, arise if many smaHterritories Abya Yala News �SELF D E TERMI NATION AN D T ERRITORY wh1chdo n()l unlfycommuniueswithin brood adrmmstrauvc reg•ons arc ere· ated. In part1culnr. divisions between communlt.es could Increase. lnd•gcnousorgt~nl:!:\tionshavemade a series of proposnls addressing these issues. First, the cs1 ablishment of terriwries should be bnstd on n1leastoncof two cri1 enon: a) a geogmphic unit consis1ing of a cominuous region in which com· munilics conduct their social, eco· nomic, and cultuml activi1ics; b)nrl ethnic unh belong•ng to a cuitum! complex In which the majority oftht population is indigenous, in a region that Is no1 geographically conunuous. &-condl)•.the lndigcnousorgt~nizations suggest thnt ICrntorics link then ad· minlstr:ui\·e structures to those of the departments. Admintstmtive decentmhzm•on should be enhanced when combined whh links 10 governmental bodies. such as departments, capable of pro,oidinginstitutionalsuppon. with· out threatening their amonom)'· We propose the following steps when establishing n territory: a) lntcrdcp:mmemal Territorial Enti· ties should be formed; b) Negouations to establish a direct relanonshtp \vith one ofthc depanmems or the centro! go,·cmment should begm after n period, not to exceed rtve )'Cal'S. '" which new administmtive structures are con· solidated. c) Indigenous communi! ics should begin the pr<X'Css of establishing terri tomI bounclanes and adminis· trm i\·e functions by submuting an application nnd a preliminary proposal. d)The propos~! should he evaluated through an in-depth study carried out by an nucrdlsctplinaf)•task force includingindigcnousorganizations. e) Thr infornUIIIon collected will be 11S('d 10 submit n formal proposal to the Territort:ll Regubtory Agency. ac<:ordtng to Arude 329 of the New Constituuon. 0 The rtn31 dooslon ,y;IJ be made by the national government and rcpreVol.BNO. I &2 sentativcs of the mdigenous lndi9fi!OU$ GfOIIIIS of Colombia organtznt1ons, asoutltncd un· denheConstl· tution. Government Response The Colo mbian tulministr:t· tion prese nted congress with a proposal for the new Organic l..:tw for territorial de· marcation In 1992. Thepropo· sition however. ,·iolated guide· lines established under the New Consmmion by failing to consider Ind ige nou s - organization's proposals. Addi· tionally, it neglected many ter· ritorial entitles. Asaresult.thead· n1i.mst ration ''''lS forced to retract itS propos:ll. ' In September .:>f 199). the administrntion presented congress w11h a nr:w pro· posal. but Lhls one also failed to address the lndigenoU$ proposal. .---·-- · .-.. --J--- The Future of the Territories In addition to the difficulties of reaching an agrcemcm \vith the gov· emmcnt on the proposed Organic Law. this law which should be organic (pro· viding original and basic structure to legislation), Is not. Instead. the government proposed Instead a step by step process. i\ series of legislation which would sh:1pe the territories func· tions has already been approved or is being considered. A law defining distribution of rcsponslbihties and re· sources in rclauon to the mumctpali· tiesw:JSapproved tn 1993. At the same time, the Nauonal Fc:es Fund, National EnvuonmtnUt1 System nnd projects regulanng tht national planmng sys· tern and Departmental regulation are all aw:~iting appro,-al. All of these will define the role of theS!nlt's:Kiministm· th·estructurcsdifferently. In thls"-ay, the government t>roposes that the territories Organic Law should conform to prce..xisling laws, when the opposite should occur. We hope that the proposals made by the indigenous people will stimulate a more open dcbot e and promote more democratic {lnd rcprescntntivc forms of governmcm. This new government should rcfttct the InterestS of its diverse poplllauon nnd pcm1it the introduction of alternative models of de,•elopment. Nonetheless, we have a long way to go before this becomes a reality. Indigenous orgt~niz.•uons effons to construct sohd poliucnl struc· tures will determine the future of our earlier achl(~vemcms. '9 23 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource After the Constitution: Indigenous Proposals for Territorial Demarcation in Colombia Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ana Cecilia Betancourt Hernán Rodríguez Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title After the Constitution: Indigenous Proposals for Territorial Demarcation in Colombia Item Type Journal Article Author Ana Cecilia Betancourt Hernán Rodríguez Volume 8 Issue 1,2 Pages 22-23 Publication Title Abya Yala News Date Summer 1994 Language English Abstract Note The Colombian constitution granted all indigenous territories legal status as “Territorial Entities" within the republic. The Indigenous movement's triumph during the constitutional convention is particularly important since it makes Colombia the first country to have recognized all indigenous communities territorial rights, rather than selectively granting rights to certain peoples. Attachment Title abya yala p22-23.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Autonomy Ethnic diversity Indigenous Territories Organic Law for Territorial Demarcation https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/27ad61d2d1c2f36eb77cab7243a1f4c9.pdf 6dd234026d375c43567d3093093741da PDF Text Text CHtAPAS: MAYA IDENTITY AND THE ZAPATISTA UPRISING "In Chiopos. the own~rs of tht fincos trtoltht Indians worst thon they trtottheir onimols. Chiopos is on~ grtot finco in which we lnd•ons ore less tmportont thon the cows. Test•mony of o Mayo reptestntotr~ to the Notional congress in 1992 by Araceti Burguete Cal y Mayor he VIISI lllOJOriiY or the bpotista N.ulonrolllberauon Arm)'(EZLN) nghtCI'$ 11re lndtgcnous Maya To;olnbnl, Tzchnl . Tzotzil and Chole !"'OJ>It•ln addition 10 n smaller number of me;,u:os and other ethnic groups. TI>tlf demands ore dwcrs<. osctllatmg betwt<'n tho!.e rat~d by the m·olution2rycbs.- ommcd mo\'~mentsof Central Amcnca, clu.tc \lt>ucan amp<SIDO T (~t)demands.2ndthecl.aunsbetng made by the lnd•gcnous tnO\-.,mem. The EZLI' ha, also tncorpor2tcd m:o il.s po>nton>a "'de =R• of demands rdat• mg 10 tit< urb.tn mO\·cment's struggles, the polott<:.ll p;1rttcs, •nd to the demands for democracy ''Otced by Mcxtcan society In gcncr•tl, Is thos an Indigenous rebellion or an Indigcnous uprl•lng whh cam!"'Sino demands l is this the hegmmng or a Mexi· C.10 Cl\11 W,lf (or m'U,Oila) democracy oris 1 u a local struAAic to change the medit\'3] structures of Chtapul Is thiS the bst duptcr of the Central Amcncan classb>scd moluuons or 1011 the r.,... chapiU CJoop;:s.""""""" Ar«<h a.tpct<" • -.cCij' tZNl IANvul tZNl •cwolfdl 1-.ltpt'llloll W..l'r"JJIr'• fr""' (f!PI). ...,...._for tt.< 6 of the modem lndtgcnou• 'lndtamst" revoluuonsl The rc<ent h•story of Chint>as can help cxpl.oln the nppmemly exclusive nnnue of these questions. The 7~1patlstn tcbelllon Is embedded in the histone nnd j\Co)<mphtc S!"'cificiues of Chtapo> Titc c•n be dl\1dcd 11110 fourdt>tlnct rtj\"'"' the fir-t.mcorporatc.thedcn-.clypopulatcd htghlands and the nc" 1) colonlUd bordtr zone; the ttntr.>l rtp<>n "hteh h.u only been popubtcd b)· fiiCl.lll"" ••nee ~ 19th Cmtury. the eoutal rtli'OncolonlUd tn thts Ccntu')· by n\C>Itzotmmtgrants:and the Soconu,.;o r<lloon ""h tiS old colonl31 sculcmems Th~ ••~ have few relauons wnh e•ch oth<r They are sustamed by d1ITcrent ctonomlc ::~cuvities. parually due 10 the ab.encc. until the 1970's, of ronds nnd communication. The conOict developed in the highland and border orca 1he highlands arc the ancestr.>lt<mtOI)' of the rtbdhon's pnn· ctpol actors. the· M•>·• Tzotztl. Tzclw. TO)Olabal•nd {hole pcopl<s The bordcrrtg~<>n. "htehmdudesthe Lacandon r:11nfore<~. h.urtcci\<'CI "a>tsol m•gnnt lndW>S from the htghlandso>crtht last JOyears h 110" CONI IIUte:> the r<gtonaJ 2nd soml ba.ic of th< l.lpatl>U army. ""'< Chiapas and Guat. mala: e shared identitie s The ong~rul \1 )Jtcmtory """!rag· mentcd dunng tht f,>m\Jllon of the colomal tUliOru,, Into rt\c Mt~lt:.tn Sl~ltS­ Chi:lpas, Tabosco, Yucnt.m, Qumtana Roo.and Cam(lechc· m ~ddt lion to Gun· temala and lld1 Ounng the wlom.tl tc. period. Chtapns bdongcd ll> $pam's Guatemalan C.1ptnlnt)' Ci<•nrral Its so· cia!. economic, ruhur•l • .tnd pnllucal structures "ere dchncd on thl> pcnod. and have pcr>l>trd 111 comrmpontf)' Chiopas "'''hout rrwluti<>NII)' change.. Ch12p3S was annc'cd b)· the \le>lcan R<:pubbcm 182-t astht rtsultof a plcbosotc m ,.hoch only lad•OO> (those of mix<:d Europcon and lrt<ltgc~ mcouy) --bcmg tit< onI)' cw:cn' "ho could �read and write--voted. Despite annexation to Mexico. Chiapas continued to be in~egrate:d with Guatemala. Even toda)'. iiS geogmphy, its language. e"en hs commerce rail within the limits or Guatemala. ln· migrmion or Guatemalans looking for work has also lxen common. Until the 1970's. there was no direct ro3d connecting Chiapas to the non hem pltt of Mexico. Thus, the state capital of Tuxtla Gutitrrez was located 1,000 km by road from Mexico City. An important aspect of highland Chiapan society which dearly identifies it with Guatemalan societ)' is that of identity. Indians were given a ke)' role in the construction of the Mexican state, but only as dead Indians. living Indians in comrast were denied. In Voi.8No.l &2 this way. a nation;;tl model was con . . structed based on the notion of a glorious Indian past and a hon>ogencous, that is. mestizo, (mixed ancestry) present. Guatemalan ideology differs substantially. There, people who are biologically mestizo assume themselves descendants of the criollos referring 10 themselves as ladinosand as the people of reason . In opposition obviously ore those lacking reason, the Indians. Chi apas in contrast to the rest of Mexico echoes the Guatemalan notion of identity. The ladinos negate racial mixing entirely and have org•nized society according to racial divisions~ thereby guaranteeing racial discrimination and turning the devaluing of Indigenous people into a dail)' act. Not the first indigenous uprising Indian people have paid an extremely high price to maintain their identity. Indian relxllions, though nearly always fnostrmed. have been as much a constant of Chiapas' history as has the ex-ploitation and oppression which followed the conquest. In 1532,the Maya rose against the Spanish. Followingtheirdefeat many heroically threw themselves from a cliff knownasCat)ondc!Sumi<lero. In 1712, followingseveml localuprisings.the Indigenous people throughout the highlands relxlled again: this time grouped around an apparition ofthe Virgin Mary. They declared the htdigenous headquarters of Cancuc as their capital and rejected Ciudad Real (now San Cristobal de las Casas), along with its civil and 7 �PERSP ECTI VES ON(H IAPAS several Indigenous revolts. The federal government responded in 1849 with a Jaw outlawing forced and uncompen· sated labor. This law ended the semifeudal custom of debt peonage. under which an indigenous or campesina (am· ii}'OCCupiesa portion of land in a finca in exchange for unpaid work: a situation which convened them imo the landlord's property and made securing their own land impossible. This legislation provoked an armed upnsing led b)' the landlords. who succeeded m overturn~ ing the law two years later. Debt (>tOn~ age was progressively e:Hminated in the rest of Mexico followi ng the revolution of 1910. In Chiapas, however, several hundred Indigenous people continue, even today. to work as indebted peons on the large plantations. just as the counter-reform gripped Chiapas in the 19th century, the state'' landlords also won the 20th century's counter-revolution. In 1910, Mexico was convulsed with the first social revo~ lution of the 20th century, its chat>gcs weren't felt itl Chiapas. One of the first actions of the re.volutiontuy government was to begi11 agraria11 reforms that respollded to the expectations of the millions of campesinos who had panici· pated in the re,·olution. President Venustiano Carranza scm his officials to the republic's different states in order to Many lapatista Comnw>nders and fighters, induding Comandante AM Maria, are women. ecclesiasticamhoritics. Finallyinl714. to ensure practicall)' free labor for their a powerful army from Guatemala anni· plantations. hila ted the rebels who had taken refuge in Ocosingo. The tremendous miser)' A state the revolution passed by which resulted from this defeat, followed l3bor relations are detem1ined by by lossoflandsand frequent famines led ethnic oppression maintained by politito further rebellions in 1864 and 1867 cians and ladino plantation owners. by Tzotzilcs attempting to reclaim their During Mexico's r.rst period of Libsovcreigntyuan imem which was again el':ll refonns in the 19th century. landrepressed. Since then. the state'scriollos holding families headed the counterand ladinos have perfected their control rcfonn. New privalization laws and colom·er the Indigenous population in order nization of Maya lerritories had caused 8 implement this reform. In 1914. General jesus Agustin Castro arrived in Chiapas as govemor and initiated land distribution and effons at protecting worker's rights. The land Q \vners immediately rose in arms declaring themselves against Venustiano Carranza. Their re· bellion coincided with the revohs in the counti')'S Nonhern and Central regions led b)' Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata . Histol)•'s paradox is that the Chiapan landowners declared themselves Villistas and Zapatistas, in order to ally with these armies. Thus, the first Zapatistas in Chiapas were counter·revolutionarics. The coumer~re"olutionarics' threatened secession from the Union, and the fedel':ll government was forced to negotiate. At this time, they conceded that Abya Yala News �PERS PECTIVES ON(H IAPAS Chiapas would always be governed by members of the Familia Chiapaneca··as the local criollos were known--and also that privately held land would not be exprop•iated. Since then, the Chiapan elite have invoked the specter of seces· sion and the defense of state sovereignty to avoid intervention b)• the national government. The cost has been too high. The revolution's institutions which are ubiquitous in the rest of Mexico. never arrived in Chiapas. Thus the continuity of Chiapas' similarity to Guatemala re· mained unbroken. Likewise, the lnsti· tutional Revolutionary Party's (PRJ) which has ruled Mexico since the revolu· tion only recent!)• installed itself in Chiapas. Its peasant and worker organi· zations which ha,·e coopted social movements in the rest of Mexico only arrived in Chiapas in the 1970's, and still have liule presence. The Lacandon rainforest: cradle of rebellion Due to its regressive agrarian po1ic)' most of the state's arable land was con· cetnrated in a few hands by J9qQ. Ac· cording to population censuses, more than half was owned by 2.6% of the population. just nine landlords ac· coumed for 630.532 hectares. In con· trast the average size of Indigenous and C;"tmpesino farms was under two heeLares. At the same time, a significant proportion of the state corresponded to 'National U.nds", that is forest areas susceptible to colonization. Population growth and the exhaustion of the ances· tral Indigenous territories. government support for forest colonization. the dis· ever is characterized by steep slopes and oil. Nonetheless, the majority of com· extreme!)' poor soils underlain by calcar· munities lack electricity as well as a'!)' of cousrock. These soils retaillwater poorly; the other benefits yielded by their rc· making agriculture very difficult. The sources region's physical harshness further sharp· Chiapas has the second highest proened social discontent. portion ofindigenous inhabitants (28%) The Indigenous colonists adapted 10 of all the Mexican states, three quarters life in the forest only after profound of whom live in dispersed l'ural seulc· cultural, political and ideological mems. It also has the highest infant changes. They left parents and grand· mortality and illiteracy rates, percentage parents behind and remodeled their iden- of citizens with inconles less Lhan two tity around the central desire to obtain minimum salaries (about $250), and out· land. In order to survive new and difn . . standing petitions for land. just under cult conditions half of the state's and the land· families live in "Is this the last chapter of the Central owners unre· houses with din letaing violence. American class-based revolutions or noors. a statistic the colonists is it the first chapter of the modem closely related to formed political children's disease Indigenous "lndianist" revolutions?" or productive orrates. A study preganizations. pared by the insti· These strengthened their nascent tute for European·l<ltin American Stud· campesino identity, subst itutingfor their ies reponed the following: 'Chiapas has communal (Indian) identity. The the lowest levels of electricity in the rainforest's new colonists and their young country (66.7%). 0nly58%ofthehouses descendants are the protogonists of the have running \vater when the nalional conflict in Chiapas. The four municipal average is 79%...The. state's population centers taken by the Zapalistas: San is only 4% of the nation. but constitutes Cristobal. L'5 Margaritas. Ocosingo and 25% of all the disputes between Altamirano were all poims of departure campesinos and landlords in the coun· from the jungle, specificall)' from U.s try. disputes which often are violem!l Cm)adas. The uprising's detonators Chiat>as' economic structuresarearchaic; plantations for export of coffee, carda· mom, extensive livestock grazing and logging--with· out value added processing. placement resulting from constmction According to official stat is· of hydroelectric dams, the advent of oil tics, Chiapas holds the un· exploitation, soil deterioration, political enviable position of being and religious persecution and violence between 1960 and 1980 led to accelcr· ated colonization of the U.candon. The population grew from 5,000 to 300,000 inhabitants in those years. Thousands of Indigenous families from the highlands needing a piece of land to work took refuge in the forest . principally in the region of U.s Cm)adas. This region howVoi. 8No. l &2 Mexico's poorest state. Ninety-four of its Ill mu· nicipalities are considered highly marginal. The paradox is that Chiapas is also a rich state. In the last 10 years, it has held the third and fourth place respectively in the production of gas and 9 �PERSPECTIVES ON C HIAPAS In a good will gesture, the EZlN inaugurated peace talks by releasing ex-governor ~bsalon Castellanos, held since the u prising's second day. Castellanos a nd his family own a significant portion of Chiapas' la nd and wealth. The EZlN and Indigenous organizations demand his trial for crimes committed during his administration, a period w idely seen as the state's most repressive in modern history. OUI of the total population of close to 2,000,000. about 1.130,000 are •economically active• that is, 55.4% of the population receive-s no income. While Chiapas occupies Rrst place in the country for social marginal h)'. this is further aC(:entuated in the conflict re· gions. Illiteracy for those over 15 years old in Chiapas is close to 30%, in the Indigenous municipalities it is nearly conclude that lands are totall)' distribtned and that there are no large landholdings. others provide contrary opinions. According to leaders of the opposition, Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), the last census showed that 2.8%of the estates in thestate have more than I . 000 hectares each; while 40.75% have less than I 0 hectares each. According to this source. five large properties twice that. In Altamirano 51% of the concentrate 36,000 hectares. Thiny population over 15 years old is illiterate, percent of the nation's petitions for land in Las Margaritas 48%, In Ocosingo 47% arc concen!Tated in Chiapas, totaling while in San Cristobal24% and Comit~n approximauily 134,000 petitioners. 23%. The Indigenous people living in These petitioners saw their hopes for this region are the most marginal of the receiving land dashed with reform of marginal. article 27 of the constitution in january of 1992. In addition to land, productive reLand ownership and Article 27 sourcesarealsoconcentrated. The probThe virtual lack of an agrarian refom> in Chiapas, as explained before, is di- lem of inequ.~lity corresponds not only rectly rtlated to the socio·e<:onomic and to the concentration of propeny but also political problems are at the root of the 10 a discriminaLOry sysunn which sharp~ January first explosion. The land distri- ens the exclusion and oppression of Inbution which occurred was realized prln~ digenous people and reproduces exploicipally on National lands, and resulted tation. from the struggles of the Indigenous people and campesinos without land. The 1970's: explosion of Rather than resolve petitions for grant- campesino organizations ing ejidos or restitution of communal Stntggle for land in Chiapas has allands. the government has responded to ways been a radical process subject to demands for land by promoting coloni- violence from landlords. The federal zation of ncar wastelands. There is no consensus on the current quantities within each type of land ownership in the state. Some investigations 10 Indigenous peuuoners for land were given no choice but to opt for the ejido Conn or ownership. In this Wa)'. Indigenous people panicipating in the stntggle for land assumed a campesinista con· sciousness through which they demanded land to work rather than the autonomous terri~ories which were stolen during the European invasion. This campesino-class consciousness has homogenized the struggle of the Indigenous people of Chiapas. The figure of Emiliano Zapata has been continuous!)' ilwokcd to suppon land struggles, whereas the indigenous stntggles for recovery of Indian govern- mem were forgotten with the oral history of the tmditionallndian communi- ties. An organizational landmark In October of 1974, the state's first Indigenous Encounter was hosted by Bishop Samuel Ruiz. This event marked the beginning of the campesino and In- digenous mobilizations in the region. At this event Indigenous people reflected on their common problems and began to organize. This proce-ss was accelerated with the arrival in these years of several political organizations with different ideologkaltendencies. go"ernment's general agrarian re£onn One of the first to arrive was the policy emphasized the ejido form of ten· Central of Independent Agricultural ure (individual and sub-divided) in det- Workers and Campesinos (CIOAC), a riment to trnditional communal tenure. national campesino organization affili· Abya Yala News �PERSPECTIVES ON (HIAPAS atcd with the commumst p:~ny and inspm:d b)•the progr:unofEmdlllnOZap:lta hs members <stabli$hed thc~lvos in lndtgcnous communmes and worked for l~nd rdonn and to org;~nizt agricultural day-laborers attached through systems of peonage to the flncas. A S«ond lmponant movements in the count ry'sagmrlnn stntggle since 1979 was the N:uional Coordination Plan de A)•ai:~(CNPA). hsprofoundlyagrarianist and anti-partisan program was also de· nved from the program of Emiliano Zapata. hsmost imponamexpressionin Chiapas has been the Emihano Zapa12 C.ampcsmo Ot'ff'nlz:ltton (OCEZ). Both or thCaOO\'COrf'lntZOIIOOSSUffered from brutal represston camcd out b)' local death squads and S«ttrit)' forecs in the 1970's and 1980's Also dunng these years, young a®·· ists, mostly cconomtes Students and ad· herents to Maotst plulosophy arrived from the country's non hem region becoming known as l..os Norte~os. They had both rtsour<;esnnd enthusiasm. They teamed Indigenous languages and organized. In contrast to CIOAC and OCEZ. this group did no• omphasize land struggles, but rather the formation of ejido unions (coopemnves) to enhance productive actlvttlts. Current!)'. man)· of these ex·acnvlstS hold htgh offices in Salinas de Gonan's government. A slgnific•nt nuntherofthc members of these \-arious org;~mmnons ha\1! pre· sumabl)' joined the r:1nks of the EZU>!. Campesinista and lndianist organizations The formation of Indigenous organi· zations that nssumc a humanitarian ban~ ncr is tl recent nctlvity th:n has not been able to establish itself significantly in the consciousncssofthe Indigenous peoples. The C.1mpcstna and lap:1tist.1 tradition has until now subjug.1ttd lndianist elrons. Among the Indigenous organizations formed tn the rt"ttnt years, are the Organozanon of Indigenous Doctors and the Coordinator of Maya Org;~nizations Strugglingforuhernttort(COLPUMALI)· Vol8No.l &2 -member of the Independent Indian dudes m p:~rt: I) modtfleauon of the Peoples Front (FIPI). The majority of relation bet"un the State and thelndtg· these org;ont:ations \\Cre formed by In- enous peoples which imphcs consutu· digenous actl\1stS that had experiences tional recogniuon or thctr nght 10 self. tn the camllCStna dctcrmtnatton: 2) rec· struggle, but 1hirty percent of !he nation's ogmuon of ttrntorial rights of the lndig· whom in A r.:.ctnt petitions for land are concentrated cnous people of the process or rc· indiani.t.1tion (no in Chiapas...These petitioners saw coumry and o r more than 7 years their hopes for receiving land Chiapas and estnbllshold) have begun mcm or plurl-ethnic dashed with reform of article 27 ..: Indigenous t'egions to base their where the different claims nnd urg."l· nization in thetr Indian identity. These Indigenous identities and mestizos claims still have hulc \\"Ctght in Chiapas. would live under equal conduions: 3) Ftrst bec:tuse 11 is • young movement, modificlllOn or nationalllW$10 guaranbut also bec:tusc 11 has nOt had the inter· tee the p:~rtldp.1tfon of lndtgenous repnational economic support that other resentation m the leg1sbtavt. execunw: movements ha\·t ruch·rd Sorne mem- and judicial branches of government at bers of these org;~ntz.1uons nlso joined the federal and Slate level. the ranks or tht Zap.1tisto anny. The differences between the It is imponant to note as well. thot Campcstni$talndtgcnousmo'·emcntand even as the EZLN was nourished by the the lndi:3nist lndtgtnous movement nre movements mentioned above, the great clear. The Zap.11istodcmandsnrise from majortty of the activists and organiza· both thes.: traditions which follow the tions in the state decided not to actively campesinista line. but :u lhC snme tinle. panicipate in the armed uprising. Even identify in the lndianist demands possi· so. they have noted on several occasions bilities for ending coloniAl oppr~ssion. that they share the s.1nte struggle. After This most recent lnthg,cnous upristhe upnsing, tht.sc org;tni::ations fom1ed ing in Chiapas has gtven new atr 10 the themseh..,stntothe State Indigenous and Indigenous movement in Mexico. A new Campcslno Counc:il ofChi> pas (CEOIC). feeling has nooded the rnilltons or lndi· in an attempt to rorm 3 common front to ans of Me.'<ico who have Strengthened defend the mterests of the Indigenous their struggle through processes or uni· organlz:luonsond campcsmos in the con· ftca~ion. Nc,-enhelcss. the mOSI impor· text ofthe negotillions thot were opened tam thing IS the hope that It hos brought between the go,·cmmcnt and the EZI..N. tothelndigcnousmovemcnt worldwide. There nrc se,•cml lmponant dilfer- The S)•np:~th)• wluch the EZLN pro· e.nces between the programs of the voktd in the world ~hows that the IndigCampcsinista and lndianist organiz.1- enous struggles have reason and justicc tions. The campeslnlto organizations on their side. A report presemcd to the European demand: I) land distribution nnd nlodir.cation of orticle 27 tocontlnuc with the Parliament on the topic of Chlapas by agrarian rclom~; 2) cheap and appropri- the Institute for Europenn·l.atin Ameriate credit lor agricultural production: 3) can Rclationsemphasizcdthnt'Thcconroods, health care, cducauon, housing nict shows that the increasing aggresand other services; 4) support in the Si\"encss of the Indigenous communtties productl\"e process, installauon of ogre- in latin America will lead to urmed conindustry and 5) gu.tmntees of indtvidual nicts. if the gro\\1118 consciousness of human nghts. Indians as subjects Wllh rights, is not The lndillnlst org.1nlzat!on's program. followed b)• tncrtased go,emmemal cawhose proposal is he:~ded by FIPI in- pacity to satisfy their necessules.' " 11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chiapas: Maya Identity and the Zapatista Uprising Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Araceli Burguete Cal y Mayor Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title Chiapas: Maya Identity and the Zapatista Uprising Item Type Journal Article Author Araceli Burguete Cal y Mayor Volume 8 Issue 1,2 Pages 6-11 Publication Title Abya Yala Date Summer 1994 Language English Abstract Note Zapatista Army of National Liberation rose up in Chiapas highlighting Indigenous rights and issues including the lauding of Indigenous culture and leaders in the past while ignoring the problems facing current indigenous populations and marginalizing indigenous identities. This latest uprising comes in a long line of rebellions. After the 1910 Revolution much of Mexico received lands apportioned by the new constitution but Chiapas was largely left with medieval power structures. Organizing in the Lacandon rainforest spread throughout the state sparking an indigenous led rebellion. Attachment Title abya yala p6-11.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Chiapas EZLN Indigenous Uprising Lacandon rainforst Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/71eefac6d88b44413d2263ab4c3aa27e.pdf 4a2707a8da82d46e554f89e8326c73c7 PDF Text Text ENVIRONMENT & D EVELOPMENT Increased Oil Development Rejected in the Amazon Indigenous people throughout the Amazon ore increasingly discovering oil extraction to be om: of the greatest threats to their fond, health ond culture. In Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru. central governments ore pushing increased oil ond gos development os o solution to their economic problems. Maxus oil company constructs now pipeline into the forests of the Ecuodori.an Oriente E.CUADOR: Indigenous Federations Take Strong Stand Against Seventh Round of Oil Leasing 0 or flooded forests and rainforest. That 53 me day. llcuadonan lndogenous peoples and euvoronmcmalists responded with a peaceful takeover of the ~1imstT)' of Energy and Mines. As a result. MiniSter Fmnc~o Acosta agreed to a me<ung with the Confederation of lndlgenou:. Nationalities of llcuador. CONAIE. opening the way n Janto 24, Ecuador's presi and vast ar~as nry dent fOm•~lly opened a new round of oil leases, which will open fh·e million ncrcsohhe rainforest (an grea the so of New jersey) to ze mtemnuonal oil comp.•mes. Included m tht lands affected are the territories ortheHuaoranl,Quiehu.1,Cofan.Shuar and Ashuar peoples, the planMd Sumaco and Galems National Parl<s. Voi. 8No. 1 & 2 for discussions on the fom1atlon of a commission to design and omplcmcm oil monitoring policoe$. In March. CONAIE and the Amazon regtonallndigcnous org.•ni;rnuon. CONFENAlE both Issued suongstatements no11f}ing the Ecuadorian government and tmnsn;uoonal ool compames that the Indigenous peoples in Ecuadorwould not allow the new round 31 �ENVIRONMENT & D EV ELOPMEN T "...the 150.000 Indigenous people who make up the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of the Ecua. dorian Amazon cannot guarantee...that oil exploration or exploitation projects in our territories will be able to proceed." of licensing to proceed. In an open letter to the Ecuadorian president, Edmundo Vargas President of CONFENAIE declared. ' The Ecuadorian government's lack of sensitivity round of licensing, "during which time the country can evaluate the environmental and social impacts of oil <levelopment. and Ecuador can implant policies for oil development which include defenseoftheenvironmem,respect for the ways of life of lndigenous peoples. and an integrated orientation of the countrywhichwillbenefitall Ecuador- the 150.000 Indigenous people who make up the Confederation of lndigenous Nation. lities of the Ecuadorian a Amazon cannot guarantee, neitherto the Ecuadorian State. nor to national or foreign investors paTiicipating in the Sev· emh Oil Licencing Round, thaLOil cxploration or exploitation projects in our territories will be able 10 proceed.~ regarding the position of the lndigncous peoples and evironmentalislS of the region; the lack of a serious natural resource managmem policy which addresses the present and future needs of ians." our country and particularly those of Vargas stated. "TheOirectiveCoun- lnformcuion Sll/1/)lied by CONAIE, the Indigenous nationalities of the re- cil of CONFENAIE, together with its CONFENAIE and the Rairiforcsr Action gion: the absence of adequate laws to member federations. has resolved that Networ·ll. • control national and foreign companies; the carrying out of economic projects within Indigenous territories b}' the government and privaLe comapanies without prior consultation; al1d the lack of indigenous participation in the decisons and benefits n April. Federal Judge Vincent L zation of Indigenous People of of these projects, clearly demonstrate Broderick ruled that iflndigenous Pastaza (OPIP) and support organithat the conditions and guarantees necpeople and others suing Texaco zations. the transnational oil comessary to extend the scope of petrofor irresponsibly discarding hazard- pany ARCOagreed to negotiate their leum activities in the Ecuadorian Amaous waste in the Ecuadoriann~in(orest plans foroilcxploration in the provice :zon do nol ex.ist. 11 CONAII; supported this position can prove that decisions regarding ofPastaza in Ecuador'sOrieme. OPIP COonjune9. Asecond adding. that they hold . 'the Ecuador- these operations were made at Texaco met,vithAR heaclquaners in New York, then it meeting should be occurring in Ecian St:He and pelroleum companies participating in the Seventh Oil Li- would be appropriate for the case to uador as this magazine goes to press. censing Round responsible for the prob- be heard by the US federal court in ARCO officially Slates that it bas not lems we have and for damages both to New York. The case was brought b)• yet made the decision to pursue exthose people who have lived in the Siona, Secoya. Cofan, and Quichua ploration in the Oriente's 'Block I0'. Amazon for thousands of years and to peoples and mestizo colonists who it has nevertheless, reached seven~! live in the zone affected by Texaco's preliminary agreements \vith OPIP. their environment.• operations. Indigenous groups point out that OPIP and ARCO agreed to establish Texaco's lawyers have asked the a techical commission which ,v;u the drilling areas up for relicensing are located in the headwaters of the Ama- judge to reconsider. If the case pro· include three represematives from ceedsin NewYorkcourt, it will set an ARCO and from Petroecuador and zonian river system on the Eastern slope of the Andes. Therefore an)•spills important precedent regardingrighlS six from Indigenous organizations of foreigners to bring US based multi- in the region. Thiscomol.iSsion ,v;u and toxic dumping--which have been nationals to trial within the US. ubiquitouscompanionsof previous oil CSiablish the guidelines for an Evaluactivities in Ecuador--could potemiltlly ation of Environmental Impact for Pastaza Organizations negoaffecttheentireAmazon region through the Exploratory Period, as well as its waterways. tiate with ARCO select which company will complete. !3oth organizations called for a fif. Under pressure from the Organi· the sllldy. teen )'tar moratorium for the seventh Case against Tex aco m ay be heard in New York Courts I 32 Abya Yala News � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ecuador: Indigenous Federations Take Strong Stand Against Seventh Round of Oil Leasing Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CONAIE CONFENAIE Rainforest Action Network SAIIC Board of Directors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title Ecuador: Indigenous Federations Take Strong Stand Against Seventh Round of Oil Leasing Item Type Journal Article Author CONAIE CONFENAIE Rainforest Action Network SAIIC Board of Directors Volume 8 Issue 1,2 Pages 31-32 Publication Title Abya Yala News Date Summer 1994 Language English Abstract Note In the face of further threats of environmental destruction at the hands of oil companies, Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) and Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of the Ecuadorian Amazon (CONFENIAE) occupied the ministry of Energy and Mines until Minister Francisco Acosta agreed to meet with them. The groups insisted that indigenous people be included in the decisions about what would be done with their lands taking into consideration indigenous needs as well as environmentalist concerns. Attachment Title abya yala p31-32.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Amazon CONAIE CONFENIAE Ecuador Oil Extraction https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/94c6fd85f9ec56ee658fe517c43eb9e3.pdf 740362d6f548f0d2ffde4b912085ada6 PDF Text Text PERSPECTIV ES ON (HIAPAS Democracy, an E.nd to Discrimination and Regional Development: THE lAPA TISTA NATION LIBERATIONARMY PROPOSALS AL he extent to which the Zapatista onny h:ts been able to communi c:ue itS positions and observauons to the nauonal :md international press Is unprecedented in the recent h1SIOI)' of 1..1\un American anned uprisings. On June I 0, 10 a rejection of the go,·emment"s peace proposal the EZLN 1ssucd a "Second L1candon Declaration" (the Rrst being the January I delcar:uion of war). In addition to rciterotlng old demands for national democracy. the EZLN proposed a new T conslilutionnl convet"'lion. • .. .We address our brothers and sisters in different non-governmental organiz:uions. in peasant and indigenous organmulons. workers in the cities and in the counti)'Sidc.teachers and students. housewives ond squatters, anIStsand mtellectunls, membersofindependcnt pohucal panu:s, Mexicans. We call rou all to 3 nauonal d~alogue with the theme of democracy, freedom and justice. For thlsreru;on, we put forward the following invitntion to a National Democmtic Convcmlon ... we call for a sovereign ondrevolutionary National Ocmocmtic Convent ion to createa tran· sit ion govcmmem and a new national law, a new constitution that will guarantee the lcg.1l futnllmem of the people's will. This soverctgn revolutionary convention \\11l be n.11ional in that all st:ues of the federation "~ll be represented. It '"ll be plumI m theser~Sethat all patrioucsectorswill be represented. It Will be dcmocntuc in the W3)' in whtch n wtll make decisions by na16 tiona! consultations. The convention "~II be pre51dcd over, freely and voluntarily by cn1llans. prestigious public figures. regardless of thetr poliucal affiliation. race,rehglon,sexorage. The convention will be launched b)' local, state and reg1onal commmees in every ejido, seulemem. school and factory. These committees Mil be charged with collecting the people's proposals for the new consmuuon and demands to be carried out by n new government following the convention. The convention should demand free and democratiC eleCtions nndshould fight for the people's will to be respected. The EZLN w11l recognize the Nauonnl Dc:mocmucConventionasthe authenuc rcpresent.11ive of the interestS of the Mextcan people m their transnion to democracy. The EZI..!.'I is now tO be found throughout the nauonalterntory and IS m a position to offer itself to the Mex1c.'n people as an amt)' to guammee that the people's will is canird out. Fort he first meeting of the Nntlona l Democratic Convemion,the EZLN offers as a meeting-place a Zapatista settlement with all of the rcsotn•ces to be found there.. ." Apart from the fatrly geneml comuni EZLN St:tted ItS positions rnostspccificaUy in the1r now fnmous 34 point peace proposal last March. fhlS proposal included dcmandsformuonaldemocmcy, regional economic development and in general. the abobuon of d~SCnnunatOI')' auitudes. poliCies and go'-emment rept1!SSion. The foiiO\-.ng IS a bst of central demands in each of these catej,'Ones. Political Change 1. We demand free and democrauc elections wnh equal rights and obligauofiS for all pohucal org:tmzations conu:ndmg for power, true libeny to choose one or another proposal and respect for the majority's "111 Democracy tSa fundamental right of all Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. Without democmcy there can be no Iibert)'. justice or dtgnity and \\1thout dignity there is nothing. 2. To ensure free and trulydcmocrauc elections it is ncccs.o;.1ry for the Federal Execuuve and occupantSof state offices who reacheclthetr positions of power through electoral fraud to resign. Thclnitlesdonotcome from majomy consensus but mther are the result of usurpauon. Consequently, 11 will be necess.•ry for a tranSitional government to be fonncd. 3. The recognition of the EZu'-1 as a belligerent force. 4. A new pact between federation members to do away with centralization and ollow regions, indigenouscommunlticsand municipalities to govern themselves with political, economic and cuhuml autonomy. 5. Genernl elecnons m the state of Chtap.'\Sand the legal recognition of all the state's political forces. Regional Development 6. It IS of the utmOSttmponance that all Chiapan communmes recel\·e Abya Yala News �P ERSPECTIVES ON ( HIAPAS a) Chtldborth clinics with gyn~colo­ gists: b) Child-care facilities in all communities: Membol$ of tho EZlN general command ot press conference in San Cristobal do 1M C&os electricity nnd that a certain perdependent radio station th.•t IS directed and opemted by mdigcnous cemagcofthe t:Lxeseamed from the commerc~alizallon of Chtapan pe· people. troleum be applied to mdus11ial, 11. We demand tha1 housmg be buolt in all rural communities m Mexico, agrocuhuml, commercJal and social :md pro,~ded with necessary serinfrastructure projects for the benvices such as: light, running water. efit of nll Cltiapanecos. roads. sewage systems, telephones. 7. The revision of the North American Free Trade Agreement signed with public transportation, etc. And also the l)nitcd States and Canada. Inus that we be granted the benents of the city such as tclcvboons, sto,·es. present form it does not take Into rdrigerators, washmgm<tchines,etc. account the indigenous populauon Furthermore, 11 represents a death ll.We demand an end lO illiteracy in md1genous commumues. For thiS sentence ix'cause it docs not mwe need better elementary and seccludr any labor qualifications what• soever. ondary schools'" our communities 8. Article27 oftheMagnaCanashould which provide free materials and have teachers with unovcrsity derespect the originalspirit ofEmlllano Z.1pata: bnd is for the indigenous grees who arc at the seo·vice of the people and peasants who work it, pCO!>Ie and not just defending the wcahh)•. not for lmifwulisws {large landowners), In addition, the proposal calls for 9. We demand that the go\'ernmcnt jobs with fair salaries for all, cancellabutld hospitals in the capotals of tion of htgh-imcrest debts held by the all municopalities whtch are poor, an end to hunger and go\'cmcquopped with spectahzed doc- ment supported eoopemtl\·es stores in tors and sufficient medicme to at- each community. and access to free tend to all patients and rum! clln· markets without intem>ediarics. This ics in smaller communities with ' Indigenous Women's Petition• was tminlng and fair salaries for health also included: representatives. 10. That indigenous people be guaran- We, Indigenous peasant women, deteed the right to information on mand the immediate solution 10 our lac:~!. regional. state. national and urgent needs which ha,·e long been internationalle,<els through an In- ignored by the go\'emmcnt Voi.8No. 1 &2 c) Sufficient food for all children in ruralcommunlttcs including: milk. corn nour. rtcc. corn, soy. oil. beans. cheese , eggs. sugar, soup. oats etc: d) Fully-equipped popular kitchens for children on the communities: e) Community gnnding mills and tortilla presses depending on 1he number of ramilies in each community: 0 Poultry. r:obbit, sheep and pig farms: g) We dem:1nd projects for baked goods: h) ArtiSan workshops well equipped "ith m.•chlncry lnd primary matertals. i) Markets m which to sell our crafts at fa1r prices: j) Technical tramlng schools for women: k) Preschools and maternal schools: I) Adequate mcansoftmnsponation. Discrimination and Repression The propos.•! also called for an end to discrimtnauon of all kinds. respect for digntty of Indigenous cultures and languages, and bilingual education in the schools. Fmally, 1hc EZLN demanded that federal security forces be baned from entering their communities. rcforn1 of the state penal code to pem1it free political expression, release of pohtical and poor prisoners •who are being held unjustly in Me.'<ican jails". and Ml end to expulsions of dissidents from lndtgenous communities. tmponantl)', lhC)' also called for "pohucal trta!s• for former state officials Patrocinto Gonzalez Blanco Garrido. Absalon Castellanos Dominguez and f:lmar Setzer M.--all accused of abuse of power, corruption and more serious crimes such as murder while in office. The EZLN propos.• I stales that all accords should be enforced b)' a Nauonnl Commission for Peace with Justice and Dignity. ..., 17 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Democracy, an End to Discrimination and Regional Development: The Zapatista National Liberation Army Proposals Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource EZLN Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title Democracy, an End to Discrimination and Regional Development: The Zapatista National Liberation Army Proposals Item Type Journal Article Volume 8 Issue 1&2 Pages 16-17 Publication Title Abya Yala News Date Summer 1994 Language English Abstract Note The EZLN list of demands for Political Change, Regional Demands, Women's Projects, and an end to discrimination and repression Attachment Title abya yala p16-17.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] political change regional development Second Lacandon Declaration Zapatista Demands https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/c29a04ddfd46e15ee94760a72b95258f.pdf 792ef84680435cfd9ee6d5964f9e0440 PDF Text Text Suicide Before Eviction Guarani·Kaiowa family in Mato Grosso do Sut wait along a road crossing the land rhat was theirs An entire communityofGuoroni-Koiowo people in Moto Grosso do Sui, Brazil, threoten co commit collective suicide if o Federal courc's order to expel them from their oncestrol fonds is corried out. This May, Marta Vitor Guarani, president of the Koguoteco Association for Displaced Indians travelled to che US to make the situation ofher people known co the international community. tt H owlongwillwehavetowaitfor the 'Brazilian justice system to give us rights to our land>' questioned Mana Vitor Guarani at a press conference in San Francisco. Over 11,000 lndigcnou,;; people including Guamni-Kaiowa. Nandeva and M'bya have lost their lands in the state to invasions by ranchers supported by S)'ffij)athetic courts and police forces. Indigenous lands in the state have halved over the last decade, now total- 26 ling less than 25,000 hectares. ' It is always the ranchers who win in the courts, while Indians end up without any respect for our land rights. But Indians are like plants, how can we live without our soil. without our land.' asked Yitor Guarani. She notes that landless Indians are left nothing but misery. "Ovcrseven thousand Indians arc working in the charcoal factories and inthesugarcaneproccssingplams. They live in a state of slavery. This is the integration that white society offers us. But we Indians, the first owners of this land. cannot accept this humiliating and inhuman integration." Land Expulsions and Mass Suicide The Guarani, Vitor says. "are the poorest people, the most. abandoned people in 'Brazil." In their desperation, many. especially youths, have turned to suicide. Indian organizations claim Abya Yala News �SELF DETERMINATION A N D TERRITORY that approximately 300 people have committed suicide over the last ten years. The Brazilian government's own estimate pms the number at Ill between the years of 1986-1993. Mana's community, Poste lndigena Dorados. has seen the greatest concentration of lndigeno\tS suicides in the country. One-hundred and six GuaraniKaiowa families from the community of jaguapire in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sui are threatening collective suicide if a Federal court's order to expel them from their lands is carried out. Marta states, ' The area has already been demarcated and legalized. but with no guarantees, and this could be the fourth time, that the Indigenous people of jaguapire are expelled, which would be very serious. because the mothers have decided that they will give poison to the children and later kill themselves !rather than be moved I." At the end of last year the community ofjaguapire sent a lener to FUNAI (the Brazilian agency [or Indian affairs) affinning that they had chosen to die rather than be evicted. A federal court postponed the community's eviction out of consideration for these circumstances, but the court's final decision is Still pending. In 1992, the community's 2,089 hectare area was declared a permanent Guarani-\(aiowa possession by the Brazilian minister of justice. It's demarcation was confirmed by the 'President of the Republic. Nonetheless, under Brazil's peculiar system for titling land to Indian communities, anyone else \vishing to present counter claims is given a lengthy period and multiple opportunities to do so. Legal challenges filed at any time in the process can be pursued for many years, even after lands are demarcated and ratified as Indigenous possessions. lnjaguapireand elsewhere, this has meant Indian loss ofpre,iouslydemarcated lands. Indigenous communities must prove \vith physical evidence that the)' have the longest record of inhabitation for contested lands. In the case of Jaguapire, evidence shows that the Guarani-Kaiowa have been burying Vol.SNo. l &2 their dead on these lands for at least 90 years, while the rancher claiming the lands arrived only ten years ago. In many cases however~ evidence is more difficuluo find. journalist Rippernotes. ' ranchers are accustomed tO run their tractors over the cemeteries to obliterate any sign that there were Indian people there. • Despite being the most populous Indigenous people in Brazil. the Guarani now subsist on the smallest pieces of Indian land in the country, and are submitted to the most brutal social and economic conditions. Thegiam region of forest and savannah once used by the Guarani for hunting. fishing and agriculture has been subdivided and reduced tO degraded pasmre by wealthy landowners. often with the help of State subsidies. land ownership in Mato Grosso do Sui is arguably the most concentrated on earth, with 1% of the population owning 70% of all lands. The Guarani are divided into three groups: the Nandeva, Kaiow~ and M'bya. and live throughout Southern Brazil from the state of Espirito ~anto to Rio Grande do Sui. HG wever. the vast majority live in MalO Grosso do Sul. Pressures on the Guarani lands have imensified as their territories lie within the area of the government's Parana-Paraguay project which has caused real estate speculation in the region. Although the case of jaguapire is one of the most serious, eleven other Guarani communities have also been evicted or are threatened with eviction, and await court decisions as to their fate. lnthecommunityofUmonYerde, Marta points out, 'people are living under tenLS wit hom the conditions necessary to live while they await the judge's decision. More than 200 families are there, and the)• are going through a lot of misery. We can see in their faces since we are Guarani people that they are very sad, extremely sad.' Accordjng to the Brazilian lndianist Misslonary Council (CI MI) another Guarani·Kaiowa community living in Marta Vitor Guarani and a companion mourn at her community's cemetery for youths who have killed themselves photo: J.R. Rlptl(t/ tmagens da tc.~rra 27 �SELF D ETERMINAT ION AND TERR ITO·~ Y--------------R~ antral "r'>lem M~lll (,ro.;o do Sui ruas ttO«UptCd thctr l:tncls tn the pre· nousl)· dcmar<atcd 2.7<15 :acre Takual)t)'ll') kuuuiu lnd••n Atn The)· h.n~ b«n e>1<tcd "~tum> from ~ temtOI)· .\bow 300 GuaDtll· Kala... a burned a bncl1~( P"" ;dang raMI actt» to tM tonacsted area lbncMB accu.c: them of bumm11 a hoU>c one! school as "cII. ha...cwr OMI note. ~ "''' burned b) a non·lndl.ln sutkr an an attempc to prl>\ol.to mtb t:ll) acuon :ayaMI tM lndtans \hh· tary polK'< N\~ occupied tM :ttc,;, although c.Latmtnll ncutrahty an 1M conlbct,IM)· N\C n(2tl) ah'a)"> acted ag;unst lndag<'nou~ pc.oplt Resistance and Repression TM Kaguatcca Asoolmton for 1>1>placccl lndtan\ umtc• :all lndtgcnoos groups In tM St>lr to m:bun bnd> of the diSpossa;ed and prcwnt funhcr C\1Cllon~ Elc\'tn tho11s.111d lndagtnom people nrr dlsplatcd an Mnto Gro>SO do Sui, 9,000 of thr'lt nrc Gunr.~nl, while the reM belong to other ~mallet· )>COtllcs. 1 grcnt prublcm fncing those \ who would rentrnto their lnnds,ls the gap between pl.tntlngnnd harvest time$, since they arc stnrtlng with no rc:~~:rw•. Kaguatccatssohthlng food ~uppon for these coanmunllie:> to> help them hvc unulthc fti"SS 11;11'\cst Currently three dtffcrcnt communttto W1th :1 tt>tal of 220 pc.opk arc prcp.~nng to mxcup) bn<b tht) "'""' ~1ou.ty !<>reed to 2bandon \Luu founded tM ~ca.­ c.auon for d~<pla.~.llndlilru follOW>ng 1M ~al\oJtton of 1\c,r uncle \!;areal Tupa )' ck 5ouu an IQ83, a htgltl) respcc1cd lndi&<nous leader""""'-, J.> 1M •poet ""h """ or hooey' for hb P""~r "uh l:tnguagc • Th1< "'"one of the many hundrcdiof lnda~I'IO\a lc:td crs,._auted for rno<t1ngbnd 1n,-a· soons A«otdtns, to \nor. 'In Br.a:tl. tM murdu of lndwt~ donn\ mock ait)'lnort. n.>t tM pohucbn. nor the gO\-.:mment, 001 the CI\1IW\ popub· uon ' Althoulth IC\ cr.ai•S+~'PNIIOJU ha'~ b«n ln\nllj;itrd, not one rc· suited 1n tM ktlkr'< ctm,1CI>on unttl 1a>t >~r whm tM u.a....m of \tarcal 28 contender At tM end of l,hl \pnl. t.ula met \\1th lndtgtnou' k~.kB rep· r=nung 24 or&~m:otuoo• and '16 In· di:an pcopks from all 0\cr 8=•1 At this mtttang. 1\c, co>nfumc.l hiS oppt"" • tioo to anu-lnd.an co>~llutoonal 'rc• forms• • a:ld proml~ dw cbtm.s or t Ill') :"a.... nc.. ~res m2ke lance ~m more dtfftrult 'for the lndagcnous cng.mt%21><'<\0 "'ltlld b.: Guaram. tM core of rcs&<Untt is reb· mtl. t,~<~n !luttoda) ,tM<c arc m2ny prot· eo~~nt <hurchn "hteh come to our International Support NHded Now co>mmunliiC$ ,..,.h tM same diSCOUrse \'itor Guaram ~~~sthat tnt<ma A> th.- Je>u•t> "ho amc dunng thi: uonal suppon for J;tpupta< b needed 'dde:O\ <I") • of Brutl They arc lalling ....,..._ 'lamM<ctomakt'lhosdmuncu· ourrclt~.lollm~ourculture. \\rllh- tion 10 1M namt of our P<<'l'k I OUI Hultur.al idmlll), our pc.oplcwan· ~y mack W. d.'nunciauoo tn tM ckr tM I"R)I"a>~ and the strtttSoC!M t.:S ~-. tn IM u~' and tn IM CillO, dnnklng. ~n~ :and bring Otbers~tlw:~rcopmto>u• lhopcn.l1<ukd b) the "h•t< ~>··· stated tlw all or Amtnatt JI<X>Ct) gl\C' I» \ ator l"cnt) -one Guar.am-Kaiowa suppon m th" b) Kn.ltng lcucn to communnar> ha'c formed the assem- Jud&<' Pedro Rona an ~n Paok>. "h<> t> bly ulltd A~TI(.UASU todtSCUSS!Msc the Judge "ho "til dwdc, :and b) prolllcnu, rspccaally th3t ofland. \"nor pressunng tM Btalthan 1:0\'Cmtnent <•plains, •tf onet-ommunuy.saltead)• so that they don't vlol~tr our con•utu· lcjtlllilcd, the)' help the other who are tiona! nghts.lktwccn the 5of0ctober >till in lond conOicts.• Thts organiza· and last month they were 10 h~''c de· tlon will p~rtlclpnte later this month in marcatcd nlllndlnnlnnd5. but thiS hns fonnathm of a Statewide asscmbl)' to not happened. 11 f< "J)I'CSCIIl ~~~ lttdtl\CrtCtU peoples of $ M:uo {;t'O$SO do Sui. whh 1he hope that In aclclftlort to Marta Viwr Gtwrcml wtd the l.ttg« "xtlltlon will be able to more joao RapfNr, lrtfu"'t<tllon we~< flltl\'ldrcl l.ty cffcctlwly ptC>$Urc for land rtghts. the Nucleus for lndtg~niiUI RIKhl>. CIMI, and Ratnforot il<tacm Nclkclth Positive Signs In a l.lndm.Jrk clca>100, the Su· Y<lUr kilt" ore ntroncl) tlllf'<"· prcmc Federal Coun tn San P.tukl tc· UUil/<>riMGuJr<Utl·KilW..a PI<"'~ ccntl) dtsmlSO((( •local coun dCCISIOO »ntc JUdge Pcdr<> IWII<J o-klng that tn !J,oro>fthe ran.;htngcompan) S..ttin GUMaru 1.1r.d ,~g~u, ~ >f<IV'IcJ SIA to> rclo.:att tho: Guar.tna community of""'tcCcrros Add•tl0n31ly. the Conn Exmo. Sr DR PEDRO ROnA gramrd 1 pcuuon b)· the 1\ucleus £or TnbunaiRcp!NIFcdmlda l~ lndl#noi.IS lbghtJIO prolubltoncjudg<' Ru:> IJbcro Btadan>. n )(). Cmtm m \bto G,._, do <.ul from hearing 01009-000 ~ P.Nkl.'-1' ~~~a.-.1 co;&.>cJ tn,·t>h1ns, the Guar.tna.liin« C\'· &x: (5511) 35-'WQol or04'l0 Cl) one of htS <kcto;oonS 11;1-e fa,-ored ran.: hang mterc>tsand malted ma'ic· I'll= scnl CAlpc'\ ld tiOJU of thou..ind• of lnda:ltiS \'uoc Guaram "1,., nO«S 'It Sttms Exmo. 5r tlut tooc "'111 1\c, lk>pc for tM GU:II3ni OR .Jean \!.uros Ftrrdro tf "lub· ti cl«ted to tM prcsKimcy. J=l'edc.:alda I \'araoo\IJioQu;<.o tNt tMre '"II ~ JUstl« and rccognido Sui lk>n of lndliln LAnd> • Current opanio.., Ru:> Qu.lor.x ck julho. n 3~ poll' """' \\ orkcr)' candadat~ -:"9004-392 Campo> Grande, M'> luts IJ:Ila<>O •t.uta• dl S.h'a ";th a &=I <trong n.111oaul lc)(j 0\'Cr htS nearest ".., f1aull)· scntcn,cd Shonlythereaf· tcr, ltxal authonttcs allo"ed htm to flee the r~ TM Guarani ftm:cly rcstStcd :~>aon of thc!r land> unnl ~tng 0\"tt· "hclnwd 1n tM carl) pan of thJS cen- in,.,. =· "'"> � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Suicide Before Eviction Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marta Vitor Guarani Joao Ripper Nucleus for Indigenous Rights CIMI Rainforest Action Network Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title Suicide Before Eviction Item Type Journal Article Author Marta Vitor Guarani Joao Ripper Nucleus for Indigenous Rights CIMI Rainforest Action Network Volume 8 Issue 1,2 Pages 26-28 Publication Title Abya Yala News Date Summer 1994 Language English Abstract Note Indigenous people of Mato Grosso do Sul face expulsion from their lands as ranchers supported by the government claim the land. Though the territories have been demarcated for the indigenous groups, they are still at risk of being taken away due to the complicated legal processes related to land rights. Many in the communities have resorted to killing themselves and more threaten to do so if orders for expulsion are carried out. Attachment Title abya yala p26-28.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Guarani Kaguateca Association for Displaced Indians Mass Suicide Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/fb34283bf981a7dcd3bbe3d8aea05220.pdf fb336b67b2b1479a9f095d6afac05344 PDF Text Text P ERSPECTIVES ON C HIAI$S C h::. .i: .a=t=;__:;;_;:....::::..... as--=--=-en _;_rrom T e m u co: -=--=-- . : p a s-----==- se-=-::..:.... :. . .;~ Interview with Aucan Huilcaman Consejo de Todas Las Tierras in Chile. In theCityofTemuco in the heortofMopucheoncestrol territory. the Consejo de T odos los Tierros (All Lands Council} meets once a year. Their international Werken (messenger), Auc<in Huilcomon is charged with making known the denunciations, agreements and projects from the Mopuche Tribunal. He is also responsible for relations with other Indigenous peoples of the continent. Heis2 7years old and in hisfourth yearo(law school at the Autonomous UniversityofTemuco, he was also o congressionalcandidate in lost Deeemberselections. but didn't achieve o seot in the House. In the following interview he spoke regarding the situation in Chiop<JS. of the Mopuc/Je in Chile, and the continental Indian movement. by Ximena Ortuzar* How do the Mapuche evaluate wh~t happened in Chiapas this past january? -There nrc various points related to this action. Personally. and in general. I celebrate the Zapatlsta's courage. decisiveness and organizational capaclty which permitted them to prepare thetr uprising without being detected by the Mexican Intelligence apparatus. Th~l is remarkable. In addirion, (he Mapu· chc support all lndigellOUS peoples' struggles In defense of their legitimate rightS. I observe though. a huge spilt between the discourse and Ideology of (he continental Indigenous movement and what (heZapatisl.aSareproposing. In one of rneir points, they demand, 'More land for the Indigenous people.• l11is Is good, but insufficient. Eve:n if they give more lands. these will continue to be just fragmemsofthe l~rger landscape. The fundamental lndlg· enous problem in all or America Is that of territory. When the State distributes p~rcels or land. mey remain under its sovereignty. The central demand 18 should be territory, where Indigenous rights have clear legitimacy. You cannot attack the real problems or the Indigenous people of the comment if you do not approa.ch thiS Issue. manner wnh being human. and with our own nature, Our COJICi!ption is that the territory IS a physical space where the ~bpuche people should have control. pbannmg power and autonomy to e,'(ercise free self-determinarion. Land and Territory 1understand that ont or the 'Mapltche's What is the conceptual difference between l.a nd and territory? -Land is an individual concept relating a person to 11 specific plnce-person-propeny. whereas the con.cept of territory is collective and refers tO a group or people with a portion or coll.,ruvetand. Formelndtgenouspeoplc. the concept of territory holds dements of identity. or culture or a form or organization. I can give you an example; with us. the Mapuche, many of the trees that surround us have names like the names of our children. And when the huincn -white person cuts the trees, clearing the native forest, we (eel that our tdentity has been cut off. Territory is connected m a substantial princlp.'l muggles in these moments is precisely fot' lerritory. -Th~t'sright. That hasrneantcharges against us for 'Illicit association', and •failure before the law, morality and good customs• which :tlTectS l44 or us. We could go to jail. but this will not SlOp our decision to recover what be· lon~to us. And you mtss this conceptual element in the z.,patisro proposal. ·F(Om what ! know. yes. I sec also that they ask for Salinas de Gonari to resign. I bdleve that he could resign and that wouldn't solve the problem for Indigenous people in Mexico. In my opinion. this is a weakness in me proposal. because the basic question is Abya Yala News �P ERSPECTIVES ON CHIAPAS not of changing the president but or chttnglng the nature of the State. m order to achieve transformation thnt resmuns the State'sabsolutcdominion o"er the Indigenous people which Is exercised agait\St their will. In the Z:lpattStJI proclamations I don't see n questionmgofthestmctureofthtSt:~tc. Another point that seems curions to me is that the h1ghest visible lendcrlsn ":sub-commander~ ...\Vhen we meet in our Tribunal there is no pres1dem, or secretary or treasurer of the Mnpu· che comnmnit)'. rather we hMe a Lonko. Mnchi--origmal authoritiesThese posluons bnng together the m· stnutional strUcture and the JUridic concept of the community. And you find this important... -OcOnitel)•. yes. It is not a question of form. While you don't reinstate your own forms of organization as a weapon to oppose the fonns of tdco· logi(jll dommation that the State 1m· poses. you are fighting with your oppressor's wenpons and they arc not ours by na10re. How would you C'l'lain this situation in the case of Chiapas? -Asnccnnin amount of mcmul colo· nlzatlon. No one c.~n fail to recognitc the effort. the courage and the dcei$Wtnc~ Of the Z:lpatistas that rose Up in Chiapas. But i reiterate that in my judgement the proposal that we know Vol8No. 1 &2 the Indigenous people, but rather the form in which this wns implemented. If we travel through the province of Arauco we encounter barely five Mapuche communities. The rest arc villages close to cities. They applied colo-nial thinkmg. Historicall)•, the Council of the Indies- which was an organization designed tO organize the Indians according to the dominant concepts-it rocogmzed the Indigenous people's nght to orgnnizc in municipalities and gave them a structure !or this. With the agrarian refom1, the Mapuche were obligated tO Ji,•e in vii· las on lands awarded In a determined has holes in the area of Indigenous place. makmg thlsn population center rightS. They propose the need for that breaks with the concept of indijusucc which is impossible wh1le the ,·idual-lnnd that represents a human rightS of Indigenous people m Chiapas collecuvity In 1h1s nsJXct. I see in the to deCide their own future Is not rem- Zapalistas a conceptual weal..-ness. st:u~d. And this hapJXnS by reinstat· ing territory and chnng1ng tht struc· What do you anrlbu1e this to? -I don'1 exactly know. I believe that ture of the Stme. I also sec thnt they the Indigenous peoples In Mexico have sufficient instilutional s tructure aJld they s hould have employed 1his in Chiapas. I am certain that the Mapu· che would never have a sub-commander in a s1milar sttuation. We could ha'·ca Toqu1,anongmalauthor· hy. but never a copy. nn ass1mila11on. I want to clanfy that I don't intend to take away from what the Z:lpanstaS ha\'e done, butlt's my duty to say that I detect a ccnain strange inOuencc on the Indigenous people in these circumstances. \Vhat is the basis for your statement? -For the last six years, we ha,·e met periodicnlly w1th lnd•genous leaders of Me>dco,l know all of them. The last Aucan Huitcaman add1"1!ssing the UN 11me. I was In Onx3ro last October. World Conference on Human Rights They assume that theyareethnicgroups held in Vienna during June. 1993 and don't vtndicatr their existence as peoples or natiOn$. Ideological domipropose the need for~ ngr~rhtn reform nation has entered into their minds Jaw which is a concept distorted from and language. In M~xico, the Indian the essence of an indigenous commu- walks m the SlrcclS like a dominated nity. In Chile there was an agr:man being. des puc being part of the majorreform and we don't quesuon the ity. blolog.allysJXaking. They are not amount of lands that were returned to conscious of who they ;m:, This is 19 �P ERSPECT IVES O N (HI APAS explained by the fact that Mexico's government has implemented the most policies of assimilation against Indigenous people. Already in 1942 in the government of Lazaro Cardenas it was said, "We have 10 Mexicanize the Indians, and not to lndianize Mexico.". And they worked on the Indians with that purpose. Maybe the roots of the problem lie in the Conquest. .. -Without doubt, the Spanish crown had a strong influence on the Indigenous people that inhabited the territory that is now the Stale of Mexico. Today they are disarticulated, they cannot decipher their own writing. and this blocks their ability to reach. once again, their own scientific exp1analion of life,. The Indigenous trunk was cut and they are still in the process of reassembling themselves. While this process is incomplete, the consciousness. the commitment of being Indigenous will continue to fail, despite being the majority. Self-understanding as a person What does it mean to be cootmiued 10 being an Indigenous person> · It is not a specific contmiunent or political belief but rather a way of understanding yourself as a person . A good example of this is that in Mexico. there have been two Indian presidents: Benito JuArez and Porfirio Dfaz who governed for many years. Nevertheless, this did not mean any advantage for the Indians of Mexico. To be Indian in biological or racial tenus doesn't mean anything if the kind of commitment I was speaking about doesn't exist. In the meeting with Indigenous leaders of Mexico which )'OU alluded to, did you raise these observations? -All of them. 20 Will Chiapas set an important precedent in the Indigenous struggle? With what response? -Without doubt. But it's important -Ourconceptsare very well received, but there has been unevenness in the not 10 let out of our sight that this level of who deals with the subject that precedent and its lessons are imporstops at the level of leaders. Further- tant for both parties: Indigenous more, lhe communities of Mexico have peoples and States. An example of this been very controlled. If one visits an is that the first constitutional and juIndigenous community, you ftncl that ridic recognitions of Indigenous people it has a plaza. it has its musical bands arose in Nicaragua during the that is, everything is organized as the Sandinista Revolution when the IndigCouncil of the Indies would have it. enous people rebelled agai nst the The Romano-Spanish concept of orga- Sandinista government and began 1he nization is palpable i.n the communi- armed struggle which was erroneously ty's Structures, which seem more like called counter-revolutionary. The govthose of a city. I'm speaking of an ernment decided to recognize them, ideological concept , applied through and it happened that other States took external structures, and contradictions similar measures. These were re-acarise such that Indians end up being commodations, small legal rectifications ... Legally functional for the States, Mexkans. bm not for the Indigenous people ... And this doesn't occur with the MapuThings change so that everything reches> -I would say it occurs less. l will mains the same? -Exactly. The Stale makes legal give you an example: we hear and we read about Emlliano Zapata. If we modifications in order tO insure the don't have prior knowledge we don't maintenance of its institutional domiknow that he was Indigenous, because nation. as happens with Benito Juarez and l'orfirio Diaz. despite being Indians, Is there a message )'OU would like to they have Spanish names. We have convey? -Indigenous movements are the ones struggled to conserve our Mapuche names and we have accomplished that which will give a new face to America with very few exceptions. The great in terms of justice, democracy, and majority oft he Mapuche conserve their liberty--which today are onl)' a dream original last names. and for us, that for us. Thus, its fundamental that constitutes an important element of every political and social movement in our identity. Meanwhile in Mexico America takes into account this elemany times, Indians only recognize ment which "~II define relations Statethemselves inside themselves--and people and Indigenous nation. Bemany limes. not even there. Here, our cause today, it is not Marxism that puts last name identifies us as Mapuches. the State at risk, but the Indigenousand in consequence, not as Chileans. original organizations. The State knows this. and takes its precautions. Every social and or political organization 1hat fights for human rights must know that Chiapas a Landmark the indigenous people should prevail Tofinisllthe fotmh annual session ofthe and contribute 10 the construction of a \vn Ma!Jt<Che Toibunal, Huilcmnan gave a true inst itutionality with our O charspeech in Tcmuco.lnfinishinghesaid, •ro acter and based on our own particurhc brothers in Chiaflas, fmward wirh rite lalities. ~ strl<ggle for land tmd liberty." "R..>prin;edinl"'t ln>ml'l1=. Mexico.April II ,1994· N>ya Yala News � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Antonio Hernandez Cruz Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maya Tojolabal Secretary General of the CIOAC Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title Interview with Antonio Hernandez Cruz Item Type Journal Article Author Maya Tojolabal Secretary General of the CIOAC Volume 8 Issue 1,2 Pages 12-14 Publication Title Abya Yala News Date Summer 1994 Language English Abstract Note SAIIC spoke with founding member of the State Indigenous and Campesino Council of Chiapas about the government's reaction, including detainment and torture, to the organization's peace and rights demands. He also speaks of the state of indigenous organization and consciousness in Chiapas. Attachment Title abya yala p12-14.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Government Abuse Indigenous Organizing State Indigenous and Campesino Council in Chiapas https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/4d8013be6270c6faa5fb731e39b76989.pdf e1fd90e34572f4a8dafb472d10867b40 PDF Text Text SAIIC News from SAIIC he Indigenous movemem has grown immensely over the last decade. and the problems facing Indigenous people are as diverse and pressing as ever. In acknowledgment of lndigcnouspeoplcs'shiflingpolitical,economic and ecological realities, our informalion dissemination and networking activities have focused on supponing Indigenous organizing for territorial, environmental and human rights. vVe have also been busy improving our internal organizational srructurestOenable us to use limited resources most efficiently. Being located in the US puts us in the privileged position to effectively distribute information. offer technical support and act as a communication link for lndigenousorganiuuiOllS. We do not try in anyway todefineorshape the decisions of I ndigcnous communitics because that power legitimately corresponds to the people's grassl'OOl5 organizations. Our role is to give those T organizations and conununitiesa voice here in the US and internationally. Since january I this year. we have turned muchauention to the situation in Chiapas. Mexico. The peoples of this region. which was bypassed by the first Zapatista revolution of 1917. may finally have the possibility to shape their own destiny. Outsiders have ahva}<S sought to impose their prioritics on the Maya of Chiapas. Now Indigenous peopksare fighting to take their destiny into their own hands. SAilC offers support tO the many lnd,igenous organizations in the state engaged in this struggle, as well as to thestatewidecounciltheyhave formed with campcs\no organizations. Through networ\<ing. publishing information, and makiog our voices heard at events, confe<enccs and meet- ings across the world. we are working to advocate for Indigenous peoples on other important issues as well. Board voi.8No.l &2 member Alejandro Argu.m edo has actively pursued refonns in the International Biodiversity Convention. Wara Alderete also on the SAIIC board. is active in work relating tO Indigenous peoples' health care and respect for traditional systems of healing. Board member Guillermo Delgado continues to participate in the development and organizing efforts of AlPIN. the first Imernational Associ at ion of Indigenous Press. With the assistance of the lndiansk Mediaseme•· in Oslo. SAIIC has been providing fresh news OJl Indian issues to support organizations in Europe. SAIIC is pleased to have been able to help build the Abya Yala Fund. and to have hosted its founding meeting (see ' Abya Yala Fund formed' in this issue). SAIIC's Visitors & Exchange program continues to coordinate or otherwise assist in visits and speaking tours by Indigenous representatives. Most recent!}'· Araceli Burguete, research coordinator for the Independent Indian People's Front of Mexico, made a tremendous impact during her California tour educating the public about the conflict in Chiapas from the perspectiveof Indigenous organizations work· ing there. We were also fortunate tO share in coordinating a joint solidarity tOur of Indigenous leaders Leonardo Viteri and Hector Villa. il from Pastaza m Ecuador, as well as three representatives of COLPU!'vLALI.·· the regional Maya organization in Chiapas. jorge Matamoros. Miskiro sociologist from Nicaragua presemed information on the situation on theAtlantic Coast here. Last year, Rosa Jalja from the Coordinating Commission of Indigenous Women in Bolivia and Atencio Lopez. Secretat)' of the Kuna Nation, provided inspiration.and advice at SA liC's Board Retreat ip M.ountain Wolf. Califomia and gave presentalions,tlnoughout the country. Finally, we were honored to have Mapuche elder Jose Luis Huilcaman here fora short time in November. The l'ord Foundation recently reponed that less than l/10 of l percent offoundat ion assets go to Native AmeriC.1nflndigenous programs. This report has helped shape efforts to increase our base of support among individuals and institutions as both donors and as subscribers lO this quarterly journal. Support from the General Service Foundation has allowed us to spend concerted ime and altention on our organiza· tiona! needs and plan (or fuwre work. ln the process, we have spent a considerable amount of time ex'j)anding and streamlining our computerized database. Two public awareness campaigns arc planned for this year. one targeting individuals and one targeting foundations. One of SAIIC's goals is "To communicate the Indigenous perspective tO policy and funding institutions whose work affects Indigenous people.• We have therefore designed a mailing to foundations designed to raise their a'vareness of indigenous issues. thereby. hopefully increasing the amount of support that goes to lndigenousorganizations. We want to thank all of you who have hung in there with us throughout the years, despite the. at times, sporadic nature of our conur1u· nications. It has been hard for us to focus in the midst of so many pressing issues facing our brothers and s isters in the South. We, however have never forgouen our supporters in the North. We are very grateful to the individuals and fonndations that have supponed us, including: john D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Foundation for Deep Ecology. Public Welfare foun· dation, The Tides Foundation, Public Media Center, VictOria Ward , JeffrC)' Bronfman, Maya Miller, Rosa Alegria and BillyTrice,Jr. MuchlsimasGracias 4l � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource News from SAIIC Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource SAIIC Board of Directors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title News from SAIIC Item Type Journal Article Author SAIIC Board of Directors Volume 8 Issue 1,2 Pages 43 Publication Title Abya Yala News ISSN 1071-3182 Date Summer 1994 Language English Abstract Note SAIIC draws attention to a few areas of interest that occupied recent months and this issue of Ayba Yala including the Zapatista uprising, advocacy for indigenous issues, noted people who have recently educated people in the US on indigenous peoples throughout the world, and future efforts to reach more people with news about and by indigenous peoples. Attachment Title abya yala p43.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] indigenous news saiic https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/164804cc07b90e9377e56c9e904ca991.pdf 47840346123a544ca703057c86bb9c77 PDF Text Text ORGANIZATION CONIC Preparatory Meeting in Bolivia The provisional council of the Co· ordinating Committee of Indigenous Nations and Organizations of the continem held its planning meeting for the upcoming continental encounter in Chuquiagu (La Paz), Bolivia from May 11-4. The Coordinating Comminee of Indigenous Women of Bolivia hosted this meeting. At CON lC's last continemal encounter held at Temoaya , Mexico in 1993, participants decided to hold a consti· tutive congress in October 1994 in Guatemala, and to fonn a Provisional Council to plan this congress. Delegates from the Southern Cone.Andean region, Central and Nonh America elaborated proposed bylaws at this meeting. and have sent these along with a declaration of principles and objectives to all CONIC members. The coming congress in Guatemala was set for the I0 -14 of October and will be hosted b)' the Council of Maya organizations of Guatemala (see calender be· low). All member organizations will be anending, and may also invite up to three additional organizations from their region. & COMMUNICATION Ngulam--Consejo de Toe/as Las Tierras. based in rcciprocit)'; solidarity and Mar<iflores 1326, Casilla 448, Temuco, equality; and plurinational democracy. Chile. Fori>ifonnation: CONAl£, Las Granados 2553 y 6 de Diciembre, Casi/111 17- li1235, Quito, Ecuador, Tel: (593-2) Indigenous News Agency 248930 Fax: (593-2) 44271 email begins Publishing The International Indian Press ccc@ccnaie.ec Agency (Al PIN) began wiring news relating to Indigenous nations and or· Ashaninka Women Begin ganizations of the continent through Organizing for Self-Sufficiency Many Ashaninka have been forced the IPS network last january. Genaro Buatista, Mixtec journali st a nd to Oee their homes by conOicts be· Natividad Gutierrez are the acting co· tween the military and the Sendero ordinators in Mexico City. All lndig· Luminoso Guerilla movement. enous journalists are invited to submit i\shaninka women are searching for reports to AlPIN, by fax (525) 761· solutions to the critical lack of food, 8573. The reports are published over clothing. and health care facing their the wire every week and arc accepted families. Following the First t\shaninka every Wednesday until 6:00pm. sub· Summit in November-December of missions should be a maximum of300 1993, an ' Ashaninka Mothers' Club" words, approximately 60 lines of text. was formed with the goal of carrying out projects to meet basic needs in the Central Forest region of Peru. AccordCONAIE National Congress ing to club leader, Lucila Arce Salcedo, Approves National Policy the traditional Ashaninka economy Statement which was based on self-sufficient ag· From the 15·18 of December last ricuhure, hunting and fishing has been year. CONAIE celebrated its fourth serious!)' impacted in recent years by national congress in the town ofUni6n the arrival of colonist, Sendero Base, Puyo in the Amazon Region. The Luminoso activity, logging and most Congress approved CONAIE's •Politi· recently the activities of oil companies cal Project' , a document which out· such as Shell and Mobil. lines the organization's national politi· The Mothers' organization is there· cal strategy. According to CONAIE fore working to develop sewing and president Luis Macas this project 'will cooking industries to helpsuppon their be a guide £or the construction of a families with cash incomes. lf success· more just, plurinational and ful. this project will benefit 500 pluricultual state and for the recogni· t\shaninka families. Next,they hope to tion of the Indigenous people and the begin a home for children who have poorest secwrs of the country.' , and been orphaned during the wave of proposes solutions to the problems of violence. Arce Salcedo reports that land distribution, housing, industrial· approximately 2.000 children in the izarion, health. unemployment, segre- communities of Provincia de Satipo. gation and discrimination. Punor Ocopa, Rio Ene. and Rio Tambo According toCONAIE, the project's are orphans in their communities Jiv. proposals are based on the fundamen- ing in various stages of malnutrition, tal principalsof the Indigenous peoples, sickness and poverty. especially. an integral humanism which for infonnation or to send aid: l<alia recognizes that the close relationship Torrelli. 4015 Rhod11 Ave., Oalllaru/, Ct\ between people and nature is what 94602, Tel: (510) 482·4682 Fax: (510) Fourth Session of Mapuche Tribunai--Wallmapu Norngulamtuwum--Held in Temuco, Chile. From the28·29ofMarch J994, the Mapuche organization Auld" Wallmapu Ngulam (Consejode Todas las Tierras--All Lands Council) held their annual meeting, focusing on refOiming the Chilean State and self· determination for the Mapuche. The Cotmcil issued several resolmions rejecting Chile's "Indigenous Law• ( Law # 19.2553) as serving the Chilean state, but not the Indigenous population. Many specific changes were recommended. For information : ilul>i>l \Vallmapu guarantees us life: communitarianism 421-4758 40 />bya Yala News � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Organization & Communication Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource SAIIC Board of Directors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title Organization & Communication Item Type Journal Article Author SAIIC Board of Directors Volume 8 Issue 1,2 Pages 40 Publication Title Abya Yala News ISSN 1071-3182 Date Summer 1994 Language English Abstract Note List of events by indigenous organizations and important milestones for the hemisphere-wide indigenous community. Attachment Title abya yala p40.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] CONAIE CONIC Preparatory Meeting International Indian Press Agency (AIPIN) Mapuche Tribunal Women https://www.abyayalanews.org/files/original/21cf249ff6ff7c6cfdf203e27de85e0a.pdf 24846cfb4d3460f22ba32f74e9b59fd5 PDF Text Text BOOKS w~4£H~MJ' Much Work Ahead for Indigenous Historians here are few texts in which indigenous voices speak for themselves. This historiography srill needs to be wriuen by both men and women of Abya Yala. Until today our histO\Y has been oral. Generally, our voices have been recorded in colonial languages, which in effect. are translations. Our own literature, should be caustic, in regard to those texts which have relegated us to being objws of study. Maybe those who objectify us forget that we can read their accounts. Here is a sample of three relevam texts: Tlte Elder Brothers: A lose South Anwican People and rheir· Wisdom (1990) by Alan Ereira; War of Slraclows( 1991) by Michael Brown and Eduardo Femandez; Indigenous Voices (1992) b)•Roger Mood)•. In contraposirion, we can t!nd texts (e.g., Taraqu written by the A)•mara historian Carlos Mamani Condon in 1991) that have been written by indigenous people themselves. presenting a T Ntwsfrom NATIVE CALIFORNIA ''An ins"id_ view of the Califomia fndian world• e A unique quarterly magazine devoted to Indian people of California, Ncwf. /reM Native California contains anicl~ on social, environmental, and political issues written by Na· tivc Californians and those close to the California Indian community. As a special service, Nnosfrom Natiw California would like w ofrcr a special rate on new subscriptions: one year (fou r issues) for $12.50 (or $22.00 outSide the U.S.). To take advantAge of this offer, send your name, mailing addre$S, phone number, and a check for$12.50 (or $22.00 in U.S. ctln'C()C)', check, or money order issued by a U.S. bank) to' News fro,. Naffvt Cnlifornia, P.O. Box 91 45, Berkeley, CA 94709. fo r more infom> 3tion, call (510) 849-0177. Vo1.8No. l &2 different voice. Ereira's book is a good example of "colonial anguish". We do not believe that indigenous peoples' stntgglescan be understood until colonial attitudes are abandoned when facing indigenous cultures. In his account. Ereira "be· comes' rhe spokesperson for the Kogi people of the Sierra of Santa Mana in Colombia. In very few pages can we hear tl1c Kogi's own voices. Instead, the author-historian basically presents his own saga which coincides with those of the Kogi. who are a living example of what Europe and the United States call 'ecological susrainability'. This book does, however, illustrate the constant threats experienced by the Kogi, and their efforts ro live ham1oniously with naLure. Michael Brown and Eduardo Fernandez's book documents the guerrilla phenomenon in f>en•. describing the Ashaninka Indigenous tribe's experiences as they struggle to win a fight that is not theirs. The heroes in this account are the guerrillas and the authors themselves. The Ashaninkas' voices arc barely heard throughout the book. The text should be considered as a history of the sixties and seventies of Pert>, but not of the Ashaninkas, except as victims of the political left and right, the missionaries, the government and the armed forces. Moody's Indigenous Voices is a collection of indigenous texts. Moody takes advantage of the demands published by Indigenous leaders in the Working Group of the United Nations, and decided to compile them into a book. Moody's project is highly questionable given that the texts printed were all produced by indigenous nations, yet there is not a single instance in the book in which the Indigenous con· tribmors were invited ro participate in the editing process. In a world where publications are the equivalent of business cards. indigenous peoples are once again objects of the text, rather than subjects capable of articulating our own ideas. In contrast to the above texts is Mamani Condori's Taraqu, which is one of the first texts produced by an Aymara historian. He sraned by studying docurnems related to rheAymara territories. In an eloquent job. Tar(J{p' presents the Aymaras' voices. who are thus the text1S ultimate owners. This text shows more than ever, that it is imperative for the nation-stares ro recognize the Aymara as the legimitare caretakers of their territory and halt the abusesdirectedagainsrthem. Mamani Condori is a member of the Andean Oral History Workshop in Chuquiyawu, Kollasuyo. in Bolivia. 'I!) 39 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vol. 8, nos. 1 &amp; 2 (Summer 1994) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whose History? Much Work Ahead for Indigenous Historians Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource SAIIC Board of Directors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1994 Language A language of the resource English English Zotero Title Whose History? Much Work Ahead for Indigenous Historians Item Type Journal Article Author SAIIC Board of Directors Volume 8 Issue 1,2 Pages 39 Publication Title Abya Yala News ISSN 1071-3182 Date Summer 1994 Language English Abstract Note Though there are histories and stories written about indigenous peoples, rarely do those stories place the indigenous groups at the forefront, rather favoring the outsider's encounter with and reaction to the people. The author reviews two books about indigenous people written in a colonial manner and a counterpoint of a book written about the Aymara written by an Aymara historian. Attachment Title abya yala p39.pdf Attachment URL [No URL] Aymara Indigenous histories